Algebra Examples

$x^{6} - 9 x^{3} + 8 = 0$

Step 1

Rewrite $x^{6}$ as ${(x^{3})}^{2}$ .

${(x^{3})}^{2} - 9 x^{3} + 8 = 0$

Step 2

Let $u = x^{3}$ . Substitute $u$ for all occurrences of $x^{3}$ .

$u^{2} - 9 u + 8 = 0$

Step 3

Factor $u^{2} - 9 u + 8$ using the AC method.

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Step 3.1

Consider the form $x^{2} + b x + c$ . Find a pair of integers whose product is $c$ and whose sum is $b$ . In this case, whose product is $8$ and whose sum is $- 9$ .

$- 8, - 1$

Step 3.2

Write the factored form using these integers.

$(u - 8) (u - 1) = 0$

Step 4

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{3}$ .

$(x^{3} - 8) (x^{3} - 1) = 0$

Step 5

Rewrite $8$ as $2^{3}$ .

$(x^{3} - 2^{3}) (x^{3} - 1) = 0$

Step 6

Since both terms are perfect cubes, factor using the difference of cubes formula, $a^{3} - b^{3} = (a - b) (a^{2} + a b + b^{2})$ where $a = x$ and $b = 2$ .

$(x - 2) (x^{2} + x \cdot 2 + 2^{2}) (x^{3} - 1) = 0$

Step 7

Simplify.

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Step 7.1

Move $2$ to the left of $x$ .

$(x - 2) (x^{2} + 2 x + 2^{2}) (x^{3} - 1) = 0$

Step 7.2

Raise $2$ to the power of $2$ .

$(x - 2) (x^{2} + 2 x + 4) (x^{3} - 1) = 0$

Step 8

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{3}$ .

$(x - 2) (x^{2} + 2 x + 4) (x^{3} - 1^{3}) = 0$

Step 9

Since both terms are perfect cubes, factor using the difference of cubes formula, $a^{3} - b^{3} = (a - b) (a^{2} + a b + b^{2})$ where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

$(x - 2) (x^{2} + 2 x + 4) ((x - 1) (x^{2} + x \cdot 1 + 1^{2})) = 0$

Step 10

Factor.

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Step 10.1

Simplify.

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Step 10.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$(x - 2) (x^{2} + 2 x + 4) ((x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1^{2})) = 0$

Step 10.1.2

One to any power is one.

$(x - 2) (x^{2} + 2 x + 4) ((x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1)) = 0$

Step 10.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$(x - 2) (x^{2} + 2 x + 4) (x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1) = 0$

Step 11

If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to $0$ , the entire expression will be equal to $0$ .

$x - 2 = 0$

$x^{2} + 2 x + 4 = 0$

$x - 1 = 0$

$x^{2} + x + 1 = 0$

Step 12

Set $x - 2$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

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Step 12.1

Set $x - 2$ equal to $0$ .

$x - 2 = 0$

Step 12.2

Add $2$ to both sides of the equation.

$x = 2$

Step 13

Set $x^{2} + 2 x + 4$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

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Step 13.1

Set $x^{2} + 2 x + 4$ equal to $0$ .

$x^{2} + 2 x + 4 = 0$

Step 13.2

Solve $x^{2} + 2 x + 4 = 0$ for $x$ .

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Step 13.2.1

Use the quadratic formula to find the solutions.

$\frac{- b \pm \sqrt{b^{2} - 4 (a c)}}{2 a}$

Step 13.2.2

Substitute the values $a = 1$ , $b = 2$ , and $c = 4$ into the quadratic formula and solve for $x$ .

$\frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{2^{2} - 4 \cdot (1 \cdot 4)}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.3

Simplify.

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Step 13.2.3.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 13.2.3.1.1

Raise $2$ to the power of $2$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{4 - 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 4}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.3.1.2

Multiply $- 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 4$ .

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Step 13.2.3.1.2.1

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{4 - 4 \cdot 4}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.3.1.2.2

Multiply $- 4$ by $4$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{4 - 16}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.3.1.3

Subtract $16$ from $4$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{- 12}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.3.1.4

Rewrite $- 12$ as $- 1 (12)$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{- 1 \cdot 12}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.3.1.5

Rewrite $\sqrt{- 1 (12)}$ as $\sqrt{- 1} \cdot \sqrt{12}$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{- 1} \cdot \sqrt{12}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.3.1.6

Rewrite $\sqrt{- 1}$ as $i$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm i \cdot \sqrt{12}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.3.1.7

Rewrite $12$ as $2^{2} \cdot 3$ .

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Step 13.2.3.1.7.1

Factor $4$ out of $12$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm i \cdot \sqrt{4 (3)}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.3.1.7.2

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm i \cdot \sqrt{2^{2} \cdot 3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.3.1.8

Pull terms out from under the radical.

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm i \cdot (2 \sqrt{3})}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.3.1.9

Move $2$ to the left of $i$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm 2 i \sqrt{3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.3.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm 2 i \sqrt{3}}{2}$

Step 13.2.3.3

Simplify $\frac{- 2 \pm 2 i \sqrt{3}}{2}$ .

$x = - 1 \pm i \sqrt{3}$

Step 13.2.4

Simplify the expression to solve for the $+$ portion of the $\pm$ .

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Step 13.2.4.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 13.2.4.1.1

Raise $2$ to the power of $2$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{4 - 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 4}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.4.1.2

Multiply $- 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 4$ .

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Step 13.2.4.1.2.1

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{4 - 4 \cdot 4}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.4.1.2.2

Multiply $- 4$ by $4$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{4 - 16}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.4.1.3

Subtract $16$ from $4$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{- 12}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.4.1.4

Rewrite $- 12$ as $- 1 (12)$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{- 1 \cdot 12}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.4.1.5

Rewrite $\sqrt{- 1 (12)}$ as $\sqrt{- 1} \cdot \sqrt{12}$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{- 1} \cdot \sqrt{12}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.4.1.6

Rewrite $\sqrt{- 1}$ as $i$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm i \cdot \sqrt{12}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.4.1.7

Rewrite $12$ as $2^{2} \cdot 3$ .

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Step 13.2.4.1.7.1

Factor $4$ out of $12$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm i \cdot \sqrt{4 (3)}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.4.1.7.2

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm i \cdot \sqrt{2^{2} \cdot 3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.4.1.8

Pull terms out from under the radical.

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm i \cdot (2 \sqrt{3})}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.4.1.9

Move $2$ to the left of $i$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm 2 i \sqrt{3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.4.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm 2 i \sqrt{3}}{2}$

Step 13.2.4.3

Simplify $\frac{- 2 \pm 2 i \sqrt{3}}{2}$ .

$x = - 1 \pm i \sqrt{3}$

Step 13.2.4.4

Change the $\pm$ to $+$ .

$x = - 1 + i \sqrt{3}$

Step 13.2.5

Simplify the expression to solve for the $-$ portion of the $\pm$ .

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Step 13.2.5.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 13.2.5.1.1

Raise $2$ to the power of $2$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{4 - 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 4}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.5.1.2

Multiply $- 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 4$ .

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Step 13.2.5.1.2.1

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{4 - 4 \cdot 4}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.5.1.2.2

Multiply $- 4$ by $4$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{4 - 16}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.5.1.3

Subtract $16$ from $4$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{- 12}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.5.1.4

Rewrite $- 12$ as $- 1 (12)$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{- 1 \cdot 12}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.5.1.5

Rewrite $\sqrt{- 1 (12)}$ as $\sqrt{- 1} \cdot \sqrt{12}$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm \sqrt{- 1} \cdot \sqrt{12}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.5.1.6

Rewrite $\sqrt{- 1}$ as $i$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm i \cdot \sqrt{12}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.5.1.7

Rewrite $12$ as $2^{2} \cdot 3$ .

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Step 13.2.5.1.7.1

Factor $4$ out of $12$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm i \cdot \sqrt{4 (3)}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.5.1.7.2

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm i \cdot \sqrt{2^{2} \cdot 3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.5.1.8

Pull terms out from under the radical.

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm i \cdot (2 \sqrt{3})}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.5.1.9

Move $2$ to the left of $i$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm 2 i \sqrt{3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 13.2.5.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 2 \pm 2 i \sqrt{3}}{2}$

Step 13.2.5.3

Simplify $\frac{- 2 \pm 2 i \sqrt{3}}{2}$ .

$x = - 1 \pm i \sqrt{3}$

Step 13.2.5.4

Change the $\pm$ to $-$ .

$x = - 1 - i \sqrt{3}$

Step 13.2.6

The final answer is the combination of both solutions.

$x = - 1 + i \sqrt{3}, - 1 - i \sqrt{3}$

Step 14

Set $x - 1$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

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Step 14.1

Set $x - 1$ equal to $0$ .

$x - 1 = 0$

Step 14.2

Add $1$ to both sides of the equation.

$x = 1$

Step 15

Set $x^{2} + x + 1$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

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Step 15.1

Set $x^{2} + x + 1$ equal to $0$ .

$x^{2} + x + 1 = 0$

Step 15.2

Solve $x^{2} + x + 1 = 0$ for $x$ .

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Step 15.2.1

Use the quadratic formula to find the solutions.

$\frac{- b \pm \sqrt{b^{2} - 4 (a c)}}{2 a}$

Step 15.2.2

Substitute the values $a = 1$ , $b = 1$ , and $c = 1$ into the quadratic formula and solve for $x$ .

$\frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{1^{2} - 4 \cdot (1 \cdot 1)}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.3

Simplify.

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Step 15.2.3.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 15.2.3.1.1

One to any power is one.

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 1}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.3.1.2

Multiply $- 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 1$ .

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Step 15.2.3.1.2.1

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 4 \cdot 1}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.3.1.2.2

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 4}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.3.1.3

Subtract $4$ from $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{- 3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.3.1.4

Rewrite $- 3$ as $- 1 (3)$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{- 1 \cdot 3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.3.1.5

Rewrite $\sqrt{- 1 (3)}$ as $\sqrt{- 1} \cdot \sqrt{3}$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{- 1} \cdot \sqrt{3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.3.1.6

Rewrite $\sqrt{- 1}$ as $i$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm i \sqrt{3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.3.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm i \sqrt{3}}{2}$

Step 15.2.4

Simplify the expression to solve for the $+$ portion of the $\pm$ .

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Step 15.2.4.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 15.2.4.1.1

One to any power is one.

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 1}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.4.1.2

Multiply $- 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 1$ .

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Step 15.2.4.1.2.1

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 4 \cdot 1}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.4.1.2.2

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 4}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.4.1.3

Subtract $4$ from $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{- 3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.4.1.4

Rewrite $- 3$ as $- 1 (3)$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{- 1 \cdot 3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.4.1.5

Rewrite $\sqrt{- 1 (3)}$ as $\sqrt{- 1} \cdot \sqrt{3}$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{- 1} \cdot \sqrt{3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.4.1.6

Rewrite $\sqrt{- 1}$ as $i$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm i \sqrt{3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.4.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm i \sqrt{3}}{2}$

Step 15.2.4.3

Change the $\pm$ to $+$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 + i \sqrt{3}}{2}$

Step 15.2.4.4

Rewrite $- 1$ as $- 1 (1)$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \cdot 1 + i \sqrt{3}}{2}$

Step 15.2.4.5

Factor $- 1$ out of $i \sqrt{3}$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \cdot 1 - (- i \sqrt{3})}{2}$

Step 15.2.4.6

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 1 (1) - (- i \sqrt{3})$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 (1 - i \sqrt{3})}{2}$

Step 15.2.4.7

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$x = - \frac{1 - i \sqrt{3}}{2}$

Step 15.2.5

Simplify the expression to solve for the $-$ portion of the $\pm$ .

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Step 15.2.5.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 15.2.5.1.1

One to any power is one.

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 1}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.5.1.2

Multiply $- 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 1$ .

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Step 15.2.5.1.2.1

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 4 \cdot 1}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.5.1.2.2

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 4}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.5.1.3

Subtract $4$ from $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{- 3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.5.1.4

Rewrite $- 3$ as $- 1 (3)$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{- 1 \cdot 3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.5.1.5

Rewrite $\sqrt{- 1 (3)}$ as $\sqrt{- 1} \cdot \sqrt{3}$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm \sqrt{- 1} \cdot \sqrt{3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.5.1.6

Rewrite $\sqrt{- 1}$ as $i$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm i \sqrt{3}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 15.2.5.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \pm i \sqrt{3}}{2}$

Step 15.2.5.3

Change the $\pm$ to $-$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 - i \sqrt{3}}{2}$

Step 15.2.5.4

Rewrite $- 1$ as $- 1 (1)$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \cdot 1 - i \sqrt{3}}{2}$

Step 15.2.5.5

Factor $- 1$ out of $- i \sqrt{3}$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 \cdot 1 - (i \sqrt{3})}{2}$

Step 15.2.5.6

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 1 (1) - (i \sqrt{3})$ .

$x = \frac{- 1 (1 + i \sqrt{3})}{2}$

Step 15.2.5.7

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$x = - \frac{1 + i \sqrt{3}}{2}$

Step 15.2.6

The final answer is the combination of both solutions.

$x = - \frac{1 - i \sqrt{3}}{2}, - \frac{1 + i \sqrt{3}}{2}$

Step 16

The final solution is all the values that make $(x - 2) (x^{2} + 2 x + 4) (x - 1) (x^{2} + x + 1) = 0$ true.

$x = 2, - 1 + i \sqrt{3}, - 1 - i \sqrt{3}, 1, - \frac{1 - i \sqrt{3}}{2}, - \frac{1 + i \sqrt{3}}{2}$