Algebra Examples

$- x^{8} + 4 x^{6} - 5 x^{4} + 2 x^{2}$

Step 1

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $- x^{8} + 4 x^{6} - 5 x^{4} + 2 x^{2}$ .

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Step 1.1

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $- x^{8}$ .

$x^{2} (- x^{6}) + 4 x^{6} - 5 x^{4} + 2 x^{2}$

Step 1.2

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $4 x^{6}$ .

$x^{2} (- x^{6}) + x^{2} (4 x^{4}) - 5 x^{4} + 2 x^{2}$

Step 1.3

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $- 5 x^{4}$ .

$x^{2} (- x^{6}) + x^{2} (4 x^{4}) + x^{2} (- 5 x^{2}) + 2 x^{2}$

Step 1.4

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $2 x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} (- x^{6}) + x^{2} (4 x^{4}) + x^{2} (- 5 x^{2}) + x^{2} \cdot 2$

Step 1.5

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $x^{2} (- x^{6}) + x^{2} (4 x^{4})$ .

$x^{2} (- x^{6} + 4 x^{4}) + x^{2} (- 5 x^{2}) + x^{2} \cdot 2$

Step 1.6

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $x^{2} (- x^{6} + 4 x^{4}) + x^{2} (- 5 x^{2})$ .

$x^{2} (- x^{6} + 4 x^{4} - 5 x^{2}) + x^{2} \cdot 2$

Step 1.7

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $x^{2} (- x^{6} + 4 x^{4} - 5 x^{2}) + x^{2} \cdot 2$ .

$x^{2} (- x^{6} + 4 x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 2)$

Step 2

Factor $- x^{6} + 4 x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 2$ using the rational roots test.

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Step 2.1

If a polynomial function has integer coefficients, then every rational zero will have the form $\frac{p}{q}$ where $p$ is a factor of the constant and $q$ is a factor of the leading coefficient.

$p = \pm 1, \pm 2$

$q = \pm 1$

Step 2.2

Find every combination of $\pm \frac{p}{q}$ . These are the possible roots of the polynomial function.

$\pm 1, \pm 2$

Step 2.3

Substitute $- 1$ and simplify the expression. In this case, the expression is equal to $0$ so $- 1$ is a root of the polynomial.

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Step 2.3.1

Substitute $- 1$ into the polynomial.

$- {(- 1)}^{6} + 4 {(- 1)}^{4} - 5 {(- 1)}^{2} + 2$

Step 2.3.2

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $6$ .

$- 1 \cdot 1 + 4 {(- 1)}^{4} - 5 {(- 1)}^{2} + 2$

Step 2.3.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$- 1 + 4 {(- 1)}^{4} - 5 {(- 1)}^{2} + 2$

Step 2.3.4

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $4$ .

$- 1 + 4 \cdot 1 - 5 {(- 1)}^{2} + 2$

Step 2.3.5

Multiply $4$ by $1$ .

$- 1 + 4 - 5 {(- 1)}^{2} + 2$

Step 2.3.6

Add $- 1$ and $4$ .

$3 - 5 {(- 1)}^{2} + 2$

Step 2.3.7

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $2$ .

$3 - 5 \cdot 1 + 2$

Step 2.3.8

Multiply $- 5$ by $1$ .

$3 - 5 + 2$

Step 2.3.9

Subtract $5$ from $3$ .

$- 2 + 2$

Step 2.3.10

Add $- 2$ and $2$ .

$0$

Step 2.4

Since $- 1$ is a known root, divide the polynomial by $x + 1$ to find the quotient polynomial. This polynomial can then be used to find the remaining roots.

$\frac{- x^{6} + 4 x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 2}{x + 1}$

Step 2.5

Divide $- x^{6} + 4 x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 2$ by $x + 1$ .

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Step 2.5.1

Set up the polynomials to be divided. If there is not a term for every exponent, insert one with a value of $0$ .

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

Step 2.5.2

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- x^{6}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{5}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

Step 2.5.3

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

Step 2.5.4

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- x^{6} - x^{5}$

$x^{5}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

Step 2.5.5

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

Step 2.5.6

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

Step 2.5.7

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $x^{5}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

Step 2.5.8

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

Step 2.5.9

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $x^{5} + x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

Step 2.5.10

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

Step 2.5.11

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

Step 2.5.12

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $3 x^{4}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

Step 2.5.13

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

Step 2.5.14

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $3 x^{4} + 3 x^{3}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

Step 2.5.15

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

Step 2.5.16

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

Step 2.5.17

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- 3 x^{3}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

Step 2.5.18

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

Step 2.5.19

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- 3 x^{3} - 3 x^{2}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

Step 2.5.20

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x^{2}$

Step 2.5.21

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

Step 2.5.22

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- 2 x^{2}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

Step 2.5.23

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2 x^{2}$

$2 x$

Step 2.5.24

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- 2 x^{2} - 2 x$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2 x^{2}$

$2 x$

Step 2.5.25

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2 x^{2}$

$2 x$

Step 2.5.26

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$2$

Step 2.5.27

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $2 x$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$2$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$2$

Step 2.5.28

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$2$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$2$

$2 x$

$2$

Step 2.5.29

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $2 x + 2$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$2$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$2$

$2 x$

$2$

Step 2.5.30

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$2$

$x$

$1$

$x^{6}$

$0 x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2$

$x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$4 x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$3 x^{4}$

$0 x^{3}$

$3 x^{4}$

$3 x^{3}$

$5 x^{2}$

$3 x^{3}$

$3 x^{2}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$2$

$2 x$

$2$

$0$

Step 2.5.31

Since the remander is $0$ , the final answer is the quotient.

$- x^{5} + x^{4} + 3 x^{3} - 3 x^{2} - 2 x + 2$

Step 2.6

Write $- x^{6} + 4 x^{4} - 5 x^{2} + 2$ as a set of factors.

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x^{5} + x^{4} + 3 x^{3} - 3 x^{2} - 2 x + 2))$

Step 3

Regroup terms.

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x^{5} + 3 x^{3} - 2 x + x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2))$

Step 4

Factor $- x$ out of $- x^{5} + 3 x^{3} - 2 x$ .

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Step 4.1

Factor $- x$ out of $- x^{5}$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x (x^{4}) + 3 x^{3} - 2 x + x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2))$

Step 4.2

Factor $- x$ out of $3 x^{3}$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x (x^{4}) - x (- 3 x^{2}) - 2 x + x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2))$

Step 4.3

Factor $- x$ out of $- 2 x$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x (x^{4}) - x (- 3 x^{2}) - x (2) + x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2))$

Step 4.4

Factor $- x$ out of $- x (x^{4}) - x (- 3 x^{2})$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x (x^{4} - 3 x^{2}) - x (2) + x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2))$

Step 4.5

Factor $- x$ out of $- x (x^{4} - 3 x^{2}) - x (2)$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x (x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2) + x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2))$

Step 5

Rewrite $x^{4}$ as ${(x^{2})}^{2}$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x ({(x^{2})}^{2} - 3 x^{2} + 2) + x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2))$

Step 6

Let $u = x^{2}$ . Substitute $u$ for all occurrences of $x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x (u^{2} - 3 u + 2) + x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2))$

Step 7

Factor $u^{2} - 3 u + 2$ using the AC method.

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Step 7.1

Consider the form $x^{2} + b x + c$ . Find a pair of integers whose product is $c$ and whose sum is $b$ . In this case, whose product is $2$ and whose sum is $- 3$ .

$- 2, - 1$

Step 7.2

Write the factored form using these integers.

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x ((u - 2) (u - 1)) + x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2))$

Step 8

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x ((x^{2} - 2) (x^{2} - 1)) + x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2))$

Step 9

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x ((x^{2} - 2) (x^{2} - 1^{2})) + x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2))$

Step 10

Factor.

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Step 10.1

Factor.

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Step 10.1.1

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x ((x^{2} - 2) ((x + 1) (x - 1))) + x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2))$

Step 10.1.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x ((x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1)) + x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2))$

Step 10.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1) + x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2))$

Step 11

Rewrite $x^{4}$ as ${(x^{2})}^{2}$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1) + {(x^{2})}^{2} - 3 x^{2} + 2))$

Step 12

Let $u = x^{2}$ . Substitute $u$ for all occurrences of $x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1) + u^{2} - 3 u + 2))$

Step 13

Factor $u^{2} - 3 u + 2$ using the AC method.

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Step 13.1

Consider the form $x^{2} + b x + c$ . Find a pair of integers whose product is $c$ and whose sum is $b$ . In this case, whose product is $2$ and whose sum is $- 3$ .

$- 2, - 1$

Step 13.2

Write the factored form using these integers.

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1) + (u - 2) (u - 1)))$

Step 14

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1) + (x^{2} - 2) (x^{2} - 1)))$

Step 15

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1) + (x^{2} - 2) (x^{2} - 1^{2})))$

Step 16

Factor.

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Step 16.1

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1) + (x^{2} - 2) ((x + 1) (x - 1))))$

Step 16.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- x (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1) + (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1)))$

Step 17

Factor $(x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1)$ out of $- x (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1) + (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1)$ .

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Step 17.1

Factor $(x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1)$ out of $- x (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1)$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) ((x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1) (- x) + (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1)))$

Step 17.2

Factor $(x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1)$ out of $(x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1)$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) ((x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1) (- x) + (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1) (1)))$

Step 17.3

Factor $(x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1)$ out of $(x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1) (- x) + (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1) (1)$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) ((x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (x - 1) (- x + 1)))$

Step 18

Combine exponents.

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Step 18.1

Factor $- 1$ out of $x$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) ((x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (- 1 (- x) - 1) (- x + 1)))$

Step 18.2

Rewrite $- 1$ as $- 1 (1)$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) ((x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (- 1 (- x) - 1 (1)) (- x + 1)))$

Step 18.3

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 1 (- x) - 1 (1)$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) ((x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) (- 1 (- x + 1)) (- x + 1)))$

Step 18.4

Remove parentheses.

$x^{2} ((x + 1) ((x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) \cdot - 1 (- x + 1) (- x + 1)))$

Step 18.5

Raise $- x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) ((x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) \cdot - 1 ({(- x + 1)}^{1} (- x + 1))))$

Step 18.6

Raise $- x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) ((x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) \cdot - 1 ({(- x + 1)}^{1} {(- x + 1)}^{1})))$

Step 18.7

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{2} ((x + 1) ((x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) \cdot - 1 {(- x + 1)}^{1 + 1}))$

Step 18.8

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$x^{2} ((x + 1) ((x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) \cdot - 1 {(- x + 1)}^{2}))$

Step 19

Factor.

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Step 19.1

Factor.

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Step 19.1.1

Factor.

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Step 19.1.1.1

Factor out negative.

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- ((x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) {(- x + 1)}^{2})))$

Step 19.1.1.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$x^{2} ((x + 1) (- (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) {(- x + 1)}^{2}))$

Step 19.1.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$x^{2} ((x + 1) \cdot - 1 (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) {(- x + 1)}^{2})$

Step 19.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$x^{2} (x + 1) \cdot - 1 (x^{2} - 2) (x + 1) {(- x + 1)}^{2}$

Step 20

Combine exponents.

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Step 20.1

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{2} \cdot - 1 (x^{2} - 2) ({(x + 1)}^{1} (x + 1)) {(- x + 1)}^{2}$

Step 20.2

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{2} \cdot - 1 (x^{2} - 2) ({(x + 1)}^{1} {(x + 1)}^{1}) {(- x + 1)}^{2}$

Step 20.3

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{2} \cdot - 1 (x^{2} - 2) {(x + 1)}^{1 + 1} {(- x + 1)}^{2}$

Step 20.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$x^{2} \cdot - 1 (x^{2} - 2) {(x + 1)}^{2} {(- x + 1)}^{2}$

Step 21

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x + 1$ .

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Step 21.1

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x$ .

$x^{2} \cdot - 1 (x^{2} - 2) {(x + 1)}^{2} {(- (x) + 1)}^{2}$

Step 21.2

Rewrite $1$ as $- 1 (- 1)$ .

$x^{2} \cdot - 1 (x^{2} - 2) {(x + 1)}^{2} {(- (x) - 1 (- 1))}^{2}$

Step 21.3

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x) - 1 (- 1)$ .

$x^{2} \cdot - 1 (x^{2} - 2) {(x + 1)}^{2} {(- (x - 1))}^{2}$

Step 22

Factor.

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Step 22.1

Apply the product rule to $- (x - 1)$ .

$x^{2} \cdot - 1 (x^{2} - 2) {(x + 1)}^{2} ({(- 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2})$

Step 22.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$x^{2} \cdot - 1 (x^{2} - 2) {(x + 1)}^{2} {(- 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}$

Step 23

Multiply $- 1$ by ${(- 1)}^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 23.1

Move ${(- 1)}^{2}$ .

$x^{2} \cdot ({(- 1)}^{2} \cdot - 1) (x^{2} - 2) {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}$

Step 23.2

Multiply ${(- 1)}^{2}$ by $- 1$ .

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Step 23.2.1

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{2} \cdot ({(- 1)}^{2} \cdot {(- 1)}^{1}) (x^{2} - 2) {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}$

Step 23.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{2} \cdot {(- 1)}^{2 + 1} (x^{2} - 2) {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}$

Step 23.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$x^{2} \cdot {(- 1)}^{3} (x^{2} - 2) {(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2}$