Álgebra linear Exemplos

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 1

Encontre os autovalores.

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Etapa 1.1

Estabeleça a fórmula para encontrar a equação característica $p (λ)$ .

$p (λ) = determinante (A - λ I_{4})$

Etapa 1.2

A matriz identidade ou matriz unitária de tamanho $4$ é a matriz quadrada $4 \times 4$ com números "um" na diagonal principal e zeros nos outros lugares.

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.3

Substitua os valores conhecidos em $p (λ) = determinante (A - λ I_{4})$ .

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Etapa 1.3.1

Substitua $[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}]$ por $A$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] - λ I_{4})$

Etapa 1.3.2

Substitua $[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$ por $I_{4}$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] - λ [\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4

Simplifique.

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Etapa 1.4.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.4.1.1

Multiplique $- λ$ por cada elemento da matriz.

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2

Simplifique cada elemento da matriz.

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.2

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.2.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.2.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.3

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.3.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.3.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.4

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.4.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.4.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.5

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.5.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.5.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.6

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.7

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.7.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.7.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.8

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.8.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.8.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.9

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.9.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.9.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.10

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.10.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.10.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.11

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.12

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.12.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.12.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.13

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.13.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.13.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.14

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.14.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.14.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.15

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.15.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.15.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.16

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & - λ \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.2

Adicione os elementos correspondentes.

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3

Simplify each element.

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Etapa 1.4.3.1

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.2

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.3

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.4

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.5

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.6

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.7

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.8

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.9

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.10

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.11

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.12

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.5

Find the determinant.

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Etapa 1.5.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Etapa 1.5.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + & - \\ - & + & - & + \\ + & - & + & - \\ - & + & - & + \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Etapa 1.5.1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$(- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.9

The minor for $a_{14}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $4$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.10

Multiply element $a_{14}$ by its cofactor.

$- 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.11

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.2

Multiplique $0$ por $| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3

Multiplique $0$ por $| \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 1.5.4.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $3$ by its cofactor and add.

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Etapa 1.5.4.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Etapa 1.5.4.1.3

The minor for $a_{31}$ is the determinant with row $3$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ - 1 - λ & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.1.4

Multiply element $a_{31}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ - 1 - λ & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.1.5

The minor for $a_{32}$ is the determinant with row $3$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.1.6

Multiply element $a_{32}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.1.7

The minor for $a_{33}$ is the determinant with row $3$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.1.8

Multiply element $a_{33}$ by its cofactor.

$(- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.1.9

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ - 1 - λ & 0 \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.2

Multiplique $0$ por $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ - 1 - λ & 0 \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.3

Multiplique $0$ por $| \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 1.5.4.4.1

O determinante de uma matriz $2 \times 2$ pode ser encontrado ao usar a fórmula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) ((- 1 - λ) (- 1 - λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.1

Expanda $(- 1 - λ) (- 1 - λ)$ usando o método FOIL.

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Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.1.1

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (- 1 (- 1 - λ) - λ (- 1 - λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.1.2

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (- 1 \cdot - 1 - 1 (- λ) - λ (- 1 - λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.1.3

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (- 1 \cdot - 1 - 1 (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2

Simplifique e combine termos semelhantes.

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Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 - 1 (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.2

Multiplique $- 1 (- λ)$ .

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Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.2.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + 1 λ - λ \cdot - 1 - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.2.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ - λ \cdot - 1 - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.3

Multiplique $- λ \cdot - 1$ .

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Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.3.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ + 1 λ - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.3.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ + λ - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.4

Reescreva usando a propriedade comutativa da multiplicação.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ + λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ \cdot λ - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.5

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ$ somando os expoentes.

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Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.5.1

Mova $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ + λ - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ \cdot λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.5.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ + λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.6

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ + λ + 1 λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.7

Multiplique $λ^{2}$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ + λ + λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.2

Some $λ$ e $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + 2 λ + λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.3

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + 2 λ + λ^{2} - 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.2

Combine os termos opostos em $1 + 2 λ + λ^{2} - 1$ .

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Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.2.1

Subtraia $1$ de $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (2 λ + λ^{2} + 0)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.2.2

Some $2 λ + λ^{2}$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (2 λ + λ^{2})) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.3

Reordene $2 λ$ e $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (λ^{2} + 2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.5.4.5.1

Combine os termos opostos em $0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$ .

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Etapa 1.5.4.5.1.1

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + (- 1 - λ) (λ^{2} + 2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.1.2

Some $0$ e $(- 1 - λ) (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) ((- 1 - λ) (λ^{2} + 2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.2

Expanda $(- 1 - λ) (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$ usando o método FOIL.

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Etapa 1.5.4.5.2.1

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ) - λ (λ^{2} + 2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.2.2

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- 1 λ^{2} - 1 (2 λ) - λ (λ^{2} + 2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.2.3

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- 1 λ^{2} - 1 (2 λ) - λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.3

Simplifique e combine termos semelhantes.

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Etapa 1.5.4.5.3.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.4.5.3.1.1

Reescreva $- 1 λ^{2}$ como $- λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 1 (2 λ) - λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.3.1.2

Multiplique $2$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.3.1.3

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ^{2}$ somando os expoentes.

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Etapa 1.5.4.5.3.1.3.1

Mova $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - (λ^{2} λ) - λ (2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.3.1.3.2

Multiplique $λ^{2}$ por $λ$ .

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Etapa 1.5.4.5.3.1.3.2.1

Eleve $λ$ à potência de $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - (λ^{2} λ^{1}) - λ (2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.3.1.3.2.2

Use a regra da multiplicação de potências $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ para combinar expoentes.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{2 + 1} - λ (2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.3.1.3.3

Some $2$ e $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3} - λ (2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.3.1.4

Reescreva usando a propriedade comutativa da multiplicação.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3} - 1 \cdot 2 λ \cdot λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.3.1.5

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ$ somando os expoentes.

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Etapa 1.5.4.5.3.1.5.1

Mova $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3} - 1 \cdot 2 (λ \cdot λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.3.1.5.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3} - 1 \cdot 2 λ^{2}) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.3.1.6

Multiplique $- 1$ por $2$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3} - 2 λ^{2}) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.3.2

Subtraia $2 λ^{2}$ de $- λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3}) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.4

Mova $- 2 λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- 3 λ^{2} - λ^{3} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.5

Reordene $- 3 λ^{2}$ e $- λ^{3}$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.5

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 1.5.5.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Etapa 1.5.5.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.5.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Etapa 1.5.5.1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.5.1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.5.1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.5.1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.5.1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.5.1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.5.1.9

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 0 & 0 \end{array} | - (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.2

Multiplique $0$ por $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 0 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.3

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 1.5.5.3.1

O determinante de uma matriz $2 \times 2$ pode ser encontrado ao usar a fórmula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (0 \cdot 0 - (- 1 - λ)) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.3.2

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.5.5.3.2.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.5.3.2.1.1

Multiplique $0$ por $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (0 - (- 1 - λ)) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.3.2.1.2

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (0 - - 1 - - λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.3.2.1.3

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (0 + 1 - - λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.3.2.1.4

Multiplique $- - λ$ .

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Etapa 1.5.5.3.2.1.4.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (0 + 1 + 1 λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.3.2.1.4.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (0 + 1 + λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.3.2.2

Some $0$ e $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.3.2.3

Reordene $1$ e $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (λ + 1) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.4

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 1.5.5.4.1

O determinante de uma matriz $2 \times 2$ pode ser encontrado ao usar a fórmula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (λ + 1) + 1 (0 \cdot 0 - 1 \cdot 1))$

Etapa 1.5.5.4.2

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.5.5.4.2.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.5.4.2.1.1

Multiplique $0$ por $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (λ + 1) + 1 (0 - 1 \cdot 1))$

Etapa 1.5.5.4.2.1.2

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (λ + 1) + 1 (0 - 1))$

Etapa 1.5.5.4.2.2

Subtraia $1$ de $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (λ + 1) + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.5.5.5.1

Subtraia $(- 1 - λ) (λ + 1)$ de $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (- (- 1 - λ) (λ + 1) + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.1

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 ((- - 1 - - λ) (λ + 1) + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.2

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 ((1 - - λ) (λ + 1) + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.3

Multiplique $- - λ$ .

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Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.3.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 ((1 + 1 λ) (λ + 1) + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.3.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 ((1 + λ) (λ + 1) + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.4

Expanda $(1 + λ) (λ + 1)$ usando o método FOIL.

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Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.4.1

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (1 (λ + 1) + λ (λ + 1) + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.4.2

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (1 λ + 1 \cdot 1 + λ (λ + 1) + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.4.3

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (1 λ + 1 \cdot 1 + λ \cdot λ + λ \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.5

Simplifique e combine termos semelhantes.

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Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.5.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.5.1.1

Multiplique $λ$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (λ + 1 \cdot 1 + λ \cdot λ + λ \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.5.1.2

Multiplique $1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (λ + 1 + λ \cdot λ + λ \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.5.1.3

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (λ + 1 + λ^{2} + λ \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.5.1.4

Multiplique $λ$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (λ + 1 + λ^{2} + λ + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.5.2

Some $λ$ e $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (2 λ + 1 + λ^{2} + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.6

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (2 λ + 1 + λ^{2} - 1)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.3

Combine os termos opostos em $2 λ + 1 + λ^{2} - 1$ .

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Etapa 1.5.5.5.3.1

Subtraia $1$ de $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (2 λ + λ^{2} + 0)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.3.2

Some $2 λ + λ^{2}$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (2 λ + λ^{2})$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.4

Reordene $2 λ$ e $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.5.6.1

Combine os termos opostos em $(- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$ .

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Etapa 1.5.6.1.1

Some $(- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ)$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.1.2

Some $(- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ)$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.6.2.1

Expanda $(- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ)$ multiplicando cada termo na primeira expressão por cada um dos termos na segunda expressão.

$p (λ) = - 1 (- λ^{3}) - 1 (- 3 λ^{2}) - 1 (- 2 λ) - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.1

Multiplique $- 1 (- λ^{3})$ .

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Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.1.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = 1 λ^{3} - 1 (- 3 λ^{2}) - 1 (- 2 λ) - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.1.2

Multiplique $λ^{3}$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} - 1 (- 3 λ^{2}) - 1 (- 2 λ) - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.2

Multiplique $- 3$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - 1 (- 2 λ) - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.3

Multiplique $- 2$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.4

Reescreva usando a propriedade comutativa da multiplicação.

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ \cdot λ^{3} - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.5

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ^{3}$ somando os expoentes.

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Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.5.1

Mova $λ^{3}$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ^{3} λ) - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.5.2

Multiplique $λ^{3}$ por $λ$ .

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Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.5.2.1

Eleve $λ$ à potência de $1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ^{3} λ^{1}) - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.5.2.2

Use a regra da multiplicação de potências $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ para combinar expoentes.

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{3 + 1} - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.5.3

Some $3$ e $1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{4} - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.6

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + 1 λ^{4} - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.7

Multiplique $λ^{4}$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.8

Reescreva usando a propriedade comutativa da multiplicação.

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot - 3 λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.9

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ^{2}$ somando os expoentes.

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Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.9.1

Mova $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot - 3 (λ^{2} λ) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.9.2

Multiplique $λ^{2}$ por $λ$ .

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Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.9.2.1

Eleve $λ$ à potência de $1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot - 3 (λ^{2} λ^{1}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.9.2.2

Use a regra da multiplicação de potências $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ para combinar expoentes.

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot - 3 λ^{2 + 1} - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.9.3

Some $2$ e $1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot - 3 λ^{3} - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.10

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 3$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} + 3 λ^{3} - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.11

Reescreva usando a propriedade comutativa da multiplicação.

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} + 3 λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 2 λ \cdot λ - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.12

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ$ somando os expoentes.

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Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.12.1

Mova $λ$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} + 3 λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 2 (λ \cdot λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.12.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} + 3 λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 2 λ^{2} - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2.13

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 2$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} + 3 λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.3

Some $λ^{3}$ e $3 λ^{3}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} + 2 λ^{2} - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.4

Some $3 λ^{2}$ e $2 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.5

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - 1 λ^{2} - 1 (2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.6

Reescreva $- 1 λ^{2}$ como $- λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - λ^{2} - 1 (2 λ)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.7

Multiplique $2$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - λ^{2} - 2 λ$

Etapa 1.5.6.3

Combine os termos opostos em $4 λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - λ^{2} - 2 λ$ .

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Etapa 1.5.6.3.1

Subtraia $2 λ$ de $2 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + λ^{4} - λ^{2} + 0$

Etapa 1.5.6.3.2

Some $4 λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + λ^{4} - λ^{2}$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + λ^{4} - λ^{2}$

Etapa 1.5.6.4

Subtraia $λ^{2}$ de $5 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{3} + λ^{4} + 4 λ^{2}$

Etapa 1.5.6.5

Reordene $4 λ^{3}$ e $λ^{4}$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{4} + 4 λ^{3} + 4 λ^{2}$

Etapa 1.6

Defina o polinômio característico como igual a $0$ para encontrar os autovalores $λ$ .

$λ^{4} + 4 λ^{3} + 4 λ^{2} = 0$

Etapa 1.7

Resolva $λ$ .

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Etapa 1.7.1

Fatore o lado esquerdo da equação.

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Etapa 1.7.1.1

Fatore $λ^{2}$ de $λ^{4} + 4 λ^{3} + 4 λ^{2}$ .

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Etapa 1.7.1.1.1

Fatore $λ^{2}$ de $λ^{4}$ .

$λ^{2} λ^{2} + 4 λ^{3} + 4 λ^{2} = 0$

Etapa 1.7.1.1.2

Fatore $λ^{2}$ de $4 λ^{3}$ .

$λ^{2} λ^{2} + λ^{2} (4 λ) + 4 λ^{2} = 0$

Etapa 1.7.1.1.3

Fatore $λ^{2}$ de $4 λ^{2}$ .

$λ^{2} λ^{2} + λ^{2} (4 λ) + λ^{2} \cdot 4 = 0$

Etapa 1.7.1.1.4

Fatore $λ^{2}$ de $λ^{2} λ^{2} + λ^{2} (4 λ)$ .

$λ^{2} (λ^{2} + 4 λ) + λ^{2} \cdot 4 = 0$

Etapa 1.7.1.1.5

Fatore $λ^{2}$ de $λ^{2} (λ^{2} + 4 λ) + λ^{2} \cdot 4$ .

$λ^{2} (λ^{2} + 4 λ + 4) = 0$

Etapa 1.7.1.2

Fatore usando a regra do quadrado perfeito.

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Etapa 1.7.1.2.1

Reescreva $4$ como $2^{2}$ .

$λ^{2} (λ^{2} + 4 λ + 2^{2}) = 0$

Etapa 1.7.1.2.2

Verifique se o termo do meio é duas vezes o produto dos números ao quadrado no primeiro e no terceiro termos.

$4 λ = 2 \cdot λ \cdot 2$

Etapa 1.7.1.2.3

Reescreva o polinômio.

$λ^{2} (λ^{2} + 2 \cdot λ \cdot 2 + 2^{2}) = 0$

Etapa 1.7.1.2.4

Fatore usando a regra do trinômio quadrado perfeito $a^{2} + 2 a b + b^{2} = {(a + b)}^{2}$ , em que $a = λ$ e $b = 2$ .

$λ^{2} {(λ + 2)}^{2} = 0$

Etapa 1.7.2

Se qualquer fator individual no lado esquerdo da equação for igual a $0$ , toda a expressão será igual a $0$ .

$λ^{2} = 0$

${(λ + 2)}^{2} = 0$

Etapa 1.7.3

Defina $λ^{2}$ como igual a $0$ e resolva para $λ$ .

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Etapa 1.7.3.1

Defina $λ^{2}$ como igual a $0$ .

$λ^{2} = 0$

Etapa 1.7.3.2

Resolva $λ^{2} = 0$ para $λ$ .

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Etapa 1.7.3.2.1

Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.

$λ = \pm \sqrt{0}$

Etapa 1.7.3.2.2

Simplifique $\pm \sqrt{0}$ .

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Etapa 1.7.3.2.2.1

Reescreva $0$ como $0^{2}$ .

$λ = \pm \sqrt{0^{2}}$

Etapa 1.7.3.2.2.2

Elimine os termos abaixo do radical, presumindo que sejam números reais positivos.

$λ = \pm 0$

Etapa 1.7.3.2.2.3

Mais ou menos $0$ é $0$ .

$λ = 0$

Etapa 1.7.4

Defina ${(λ + 2)}^{2}$ como igual a $0$ e resolva para $λ$ .

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Etapa 1.7.4.1

Defina ${(λ + 2)}^{2}$ como igual a $0$ .

${(λ + 2)}^{2} = 0$

Etapa 1.7.4.2

Resolva ${(λ + 2)}^{2} = 0$ para $λ$ .

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Etapa 1.7.4.2.1

Defina $λ + 2$ como igual a $0$ .

$λ + 2 = 0$

Etapa 1.7.4.2.2

Subtraia $2$ dos dois lados da equação.

$λ = - 2$

Etapa 1.7.5

A solução final são todos os valores que tornam $λ^{2} {(λ + 2)}^{2} = 0$ verdadeiro.

$λ = 0, - 2$

Etapa 2

The eigenvector is equal to the null space of the matrix minus the eigenvalue times the identity matrix where $N$ is the null space and $I$ is the identity matrix.

$ε_{A} = N (A - λ I_{4})$

Etapa 3

Find the eigenvector using the eigenvalue $λ = 0$ .

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Etapa 3.1

Substitua os valores conhecidos na fórmula.

$N ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + 0 [\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 3.2

Simplifique.

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Etapa 3.2.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 3.2.1.1

Multiplique $0$ por cada elemento da matriz.

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2

Simplifique cada elemento da matriz.

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Etapa 3.2.1.2.1

Multiplique $0$ por $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.2

Multiplique $0$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.3

Multiplique $0$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.4

Multiplique $0$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.5

Multiplique $0$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.6

Multiplique $0$ por $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.7

Multiplique $0$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.8

Multiplique $0$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.9

Multiplique $0$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.10

Multiplique $0$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.11

Multiplique $0$ por $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.12

Multiplique $0$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.13

Multiplique $0$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.14

Multiplique $0$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.15

Multiplique $0$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.16

Multiplique $0$ por $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2

Adding any matrix to a null matrix is the matrix itself.

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Etapa 3.2.2.1

Adicione os elementos correspondentes.

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2.2

Simplify each element.

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Etapa 3.2.2.2.1

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2.2.2

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2.2.3

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2.2.4

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2.2.5

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2.2.6

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2.2.7

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2.2.8

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2.2.9

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2.2.10

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2.2.11

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2.2.12

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2.2.13

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2.2.14

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2.2.15

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.2.2.16

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3

Find the null space when $λ = 0$ .

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Etapa 3.3.1

Write as an augmented matrix for $A x = 0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2

Encontre a forma escalonada reduzida por linhas.

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Etapa 3.3.2.1

Multiply each element of $R_{1}$ by $- 1$ to make the entry at $1, 1$ a $1$ .

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Etapa 3.3.2.1.1

Multiply each element of $R_{1}$ by $- 1$ to make the entry at $1, 1$ a $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - - 1 & - 0 & - 0 & - 1 \cdot 1 & - 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.1.2

Simplifique $R_{1}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.2

Perform the row operation $R_{4} = R_{4} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at $4, 1$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 3.3.2.2.1

Perform the row operation $R_{4} = R_{4} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at $4, 1$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 - 1 & 0 - 0 & 0 - 0 & - 1 + 1 & 0 - 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.2.2

Simplifique $R_{4}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.3

Multiply each element of $R_{2}$ by $- 1$ to make the entry at $2, 2$ a $1$ .

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Etapa 3.3.2.3.1

Multiply each element of $R_{2}$ by $- 1$ to make the entry at $2, 2$ a $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ - 0 & - - 1 & - 1 \cdot 1 & - 0 & - 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.3.2

Simplifique $R_{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.4

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} - R_{2}$ to make the entry at $3, 2$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 3.3.2.4.1

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} - R_{2}$ to make the entry at $3, 2$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 - 0 & 1 - 1 & - 1 + 1 & 0 - 0 & 0 - 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.4.2

Simplifique $R_{3}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.3

Use the result matrix to declare the final solution to the system of equations.

$x_{1} - x_{4} = 0$

$x_{2} - x_{3} = 0$

$0 = 0$

Etapa 3.3.4

Write a solution vector by solving in terms of the free variables in each row.

$[\begin{array}{c} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}] = [\begin{array}{c} x_{4} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.5

Write the solution as a linear combination of vectors.

$[\begin{array}{c} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}] = x_{4} [\begin{array}{c} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}] + x_{3} [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.6

Write as a solution set.

${x_{4} [\begin{array}{c} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}] + x_{3} [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}] | x_{3}, x_{4} \in R}$

Etapa 3.3.7

The solution is the set of vectors created from the free variables of the system.

${[\begin{array}{c} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}], [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}]}$

Etapa 4

Find the eigenvector using the eigenvalue $λ = - 2$ .

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Etapa 4.1

Substitua os valores conhecidos na fórmula.

$N ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + 2 [\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 4.2

Simplifique.

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Etapa 4.2.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 4.2.1.1

Multiplique $2$ por cada elemento da matriz.

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2

Simplifique cada elemento da matriz.

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Etapa 4.2.1.2.1

Multiplique $2$ por $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.2

Multiplique $2$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.3

Multiplique $2$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.4

Multiplique $2$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.5

Multiplique $2$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.6

Multiplique $2$ por $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.7

Multiplique $2$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.8

Multiplique $2$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.9

Multiplique $2$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.10

Multiplique $2$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.11

Multiplique $2$ por $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.12

Multiplique $2$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.13

Multiplique $2$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.14

Multiplique $2$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.15

Multiplique $2$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.16

Multiplique $2$ por $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.2

Adicione os elementos correspondentes.

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3

Simplify each element.

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Etapa 4.2.3.1

Some $- 1$ e $2$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.2

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.3

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.4

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.5

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 + 2 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.6

Some $- 1$ e $2$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.7

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.8

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.9

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.10

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.11

Some $- 1$ e $2$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.12

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.13

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.14

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.15

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.16

Some $- 1$ e $2$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3

Find the null space when $λ = - 2$ .

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Etapa 4.3.1

Write as an augmented matrix for $A x = 0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2

Encontre a forma escalonada reduzida por linhas.

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Etapa 4.3.2.1

Perform the row operation $R_{4} = R_{4} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at $4, 1$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 4.3.2.1.1

Perform the row operation $R_{4} = R_{4} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at $4, 1$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 - 1 & 0 - 0 & 0 - 0 & 1 - 1 & 0 - 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2.1.2

Simplifique $R_{4}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2.2

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} - R_{2}$ to make the entry at $3, 2$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 4.3.2.2.1

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} - R_{2}$ to make the entry at $3, 2$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 - 0 & 1 - 1 & 1 - 1 & 0 - 0 & 0 - 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2.2.2

Simplifique $R_{3}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.3

Use the result matrix to declare the final solution to the system of equations.

$x_{1} + x_{4} = 0$

$x_{2} + x_{3} = 0$

$0 = 0$

Etapa 4.3.4

Write a solution vector by solving in terms of the free variables in each row.

$[\begin{array}{c} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}] = [\begin{array}{c} - x_{4} \\ - x_{3} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.5

Write the solution as a linear combination of vectors.

$[\begin{array}{c} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}] = x_{4} [\begin{array}{c} - 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}] + x_{3} [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ - 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.6

Write as a solution set.

${x_{4} [\begin{array}{c} - 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}] + x_{3} [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ - 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}] | x_{3}, x_{4} \in R}$

Etapa 4.3.7

The solution is the set of vectors created from the free variables of the system.

${[\begin{array}{c} - 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}], [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ - 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}]}$

Etapa 5

The eigenspace of $A$ is the list of the vector space for each eigenvalue.

${[\begin{array}{c} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}], [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}], [\begin{array}{c} - 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}], [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ - 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}]}$