Álgebra linear Exemplos

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 1

Encontre os autovalores.

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Etapa 1.1

Estabeleça a fórmula para encontrar a equação característica $p (λ)$ .

$p (λ) = determinante (A - λ I_{4})$

Etapa 1.2

A matriz identidade ou matriz unitária de tamanho $4$ é a matriz quadrada $4 \times 4$ com números "um" na diagonal principal e zeros nos outros lugares.

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.3

Substitua os valores conhecidos em $p (λ) = determinante (A - λ I_{4})$ .

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Etapa 1.3.1

Substitua $[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]$ por $A$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] - λ I_{4})$

Etapa 1.3.2

Substitua $[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$ por $I_{4}$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] - λ [\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4

Simplifique.

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Etapa 1.4.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.4.1.1

Multiplique $- λ$ por cada elemento da matriz.

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2

Simplifique cada elemento da matriz.

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.2

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.2.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.2.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.3

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.3.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.3.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.4

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.4.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.4.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.5

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.5.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.5.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.6

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.7

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.7.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.7.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.8

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.8.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.8.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.9

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.9.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.9.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.10

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.10.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.10.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.11

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.12

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.12.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.12.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.13

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.13.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.13.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.14

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.14.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.14.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.15

Multiplique $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 1.4.1.2.15.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.15.2

Multiplique $0$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.1.2.16

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinante ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & - λ \end{array}])$

Etapa 1.4.2

Adicione os elementos correspondentes.

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} 0 - λ & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3

Simplify each element.

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Etapa 1.4.3.1

Subtraia $λ$ de $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.2

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 1 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.3

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 1 & 0 & - 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.4

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.5

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.6

Subtraia $λ$ de $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - λ & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.7

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - λ & - 1 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.8

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - λ & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.9

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - λ & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.10

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - λ & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 - λ & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.11

Subtraia $λ$ de $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - λ & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.12

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - λ & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.13

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - λ & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.14

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - λ & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.15

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - λ & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.4.3.16

Subtraia $λ$ de $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinante [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - λ & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & - λ \end{array}]$

Etapa 1.5

Find the determinant.

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Etapa 1.5.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Etapa 1.5.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + & - \\ - & + & - & + \\ + & - & + & - \\ - & + & - & + \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Etapa 1.5.1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - λ & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$- λ | \begin{array}{c} - λ & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.9

The minor for $a_{14}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $4$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.10

Multiply element $a_{14}$ by its cofactor.

$1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.1.11

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = - λ | \begin{array}{c} - λ & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - λ \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.2

Multiplique $0$ por $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - λ \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = - λ | \begin{array}{c} - λ & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} - λ & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 1.5.3.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Etapa 1.5.3.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Etapa 1.5.3.1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$- λ | \begin{array}{c} - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 1 \\ 0 & - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$1 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 1 \\ 0 & - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - λ \\ 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - λ \\ 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.1.9

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ | \begin{array}{c} - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 1 \\ 0 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - λ \\ 0 & - 1 \end{array} |) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.2

Multiplique $0$ por $| \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - λ \\ 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ | \begin{array}{c} - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 1 \\ 0 & - λ \end{array} | + 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.3

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 1.5.3.3.1

O determinante de uma matriz $2 \times 2$ pode ser encontrado ao usar a fórmula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ (- λ (- λ) - - - 1) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 1 \\ 0 & - λ \end{array} | + 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.3.2

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.3.3.2.1

Reescreva usando a propriedade comutativa da multiplicação.

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ (- 1 \cdot - 1 λ \cdot λ - - - 1) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 1 \\ 0 & - λ \end{array} | + 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.3.2.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ$ somando os expoentes.

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Etapa 1.5.3.3.2.2.1

Mova $λ$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ (- 1 \cdot - 1 (λ \cdot λ) - - - 1) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 1 \\ 0 & - λ \end{array} | + 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.3.2.2.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ (- 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{2} - - - 1) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 1 \\ 0 & - λ \end{array} | + 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.3.2.3

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ (1 λ^{2} - - - 1) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 1 \\ 0 & - λ \end{array} | + 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.3.2.4

Multiplique $λ^{2}$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ (λ^{2} - - - 1) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 1 \\ 0 & - λ \end{array} | + 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.3.2.5

Multiplique $- - - 1$ .

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Etapa 1.5.3.3.2.5.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ (λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 1) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 1 \\ 0 & - λ \end{array} | + 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.3.2.5.2

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ (λ^{2} - 1) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 1 \\ 0 & - λ \end{array} | + 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.4

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 1 \\ 0 & - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 1.5.3.4.1

O determinante de uma matriz $2 \times 2$ pode ser encontrado ao usar a fórmula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ (λ^{2} - 1) + 1 (- - λ + 0 \cdot - 1) + 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.4.2

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.5.3.4.2.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.3.4.2.1.1

Multiplique $- - λ$ .

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Etapa 1.5.3.4.2.1.1.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ (λ^{2} - 1) + 1 (1 λ + 0 \cdot - 1) + 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.4.2.1.1.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ (λ^{2} - 1) + 1 (λ + 0 \cdot - 1) + 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.4.2.1.2

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ (λ^{2} - 1) + 1 (λ + 0) + 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.4.2.2

Some $λ$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ (λ^{2} - 1) + 1 λ + 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.5

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.5.3.5.1

Some $- λ (λ^{2} - 1) + 1 λ$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ (λ^{2} - 1) + 1 λ) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.5.2

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.3.5.2.1

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 λ) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.5.2.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ^{2}$ somando os expoentes.

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Etapa 1.5.3.5.2.2.1

Mova $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- (λ^{2} λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 λ) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.5.2.2.2

Multiplique $λ^{2}$ por $λ$ .

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Etapa 1.5.3.5.2.2.2.1

Eleve $λ$ à potência de $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- (λ^{2} λ^{1}) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 λ) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.5.2.2.2.2

Use a regra da multiplicação de potências $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ para combinar expoentes.

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{2 + 1} - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 λ) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.5.2.2.3

Some $2$ e $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 λ) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.5.2.3

Multiplique $- λ \cdot - 1$ .

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Etapa 1.5.3.5.2.3.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 1 λ + 1 λ) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.5.2.3.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + λ + 1 λ) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.5.2.4

Multiplique $λ$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + λ + λ) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.3.5.3

Some $λ$ e $λ$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 & - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 1.5.4.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $2$ by its cofactor and add.

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Etapa 1.5.4.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Etapa 1.5.4.1.3

The minor for $a_{21}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.1.4

Multiply element $a_{21}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.1.5

The minor for $a_{22}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.1.6

Multiply element $a_{22}$ by its cofactor.

$- λ | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & - λ \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.1.7

The minor for $a_{23}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.1.8

Multiply element $a_{23}$ by its cofactor.

$1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.1.9

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (0 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & - λ \end{array} | - λ | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 \end{array} |) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.2

Multiplique $0$ por $| \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & - λ \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (0 - λ | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & - λ \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 \end{array} |) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.3

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 1.5.4.3.1

O determinante de uma matriz $2 \times 2$ pode ser encontrado ao usar a fórmula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (0 - λ (1 (- λ) - - 0) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 \end{array} |) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.3.2

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.5.4.3.2.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.4.3.2.1.1

Multiplique $- λ$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (0 - λ (- λ - - 0) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 \end{array} |) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.3.2.1.2

Multiplique $- - 0$ .

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Etapa 1.5.4.3.2.1.2.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $0$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (0 - λ (- λ - 0) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 \end{array} |) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.3.2.1.2.2

Multiplique $- 1$ por $0$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (0 - λ (- λ + 0) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 \end{array} |) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.3.2.2

Some $- λ$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (0 - λ (- λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 \end{array} |) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 1.5.4.4.1

O determinante de uma matriz $2 \times 2$ pode ser encontrado ao usar a fórmula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (0 - λ (- λ) + 1 (1 \cdot - 1 - - - 1)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (0 - λ (- λ) + 1 (- 1 - - - 1)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2

Multiplique $- - - 1$ .

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Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (0 - λ (- λ) + 1 (- 1 - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.2

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (0 - λ (- λ) + 1 (- 1 - 1)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.4.2.2

Subtraia $1$ de $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (0 - λ (- λ) + 1 \cdot - 2) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.5.4.5.1

Subtraia $λ (- λ)$ de $0$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (- λ (- λ) + 1 \cdot - 2) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.2

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.4.5.2.1

Reescreva usando a propriedade comutativa da multiplicação.

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (- 1 \cdot - 1 λ \cdot λ + 1 \cdot - 2) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.2.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ$ somando os expoentes.

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Etapa 1.5.4.5.2.2.1

Mova $λ$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (- 1 \cdot - 1 (λ \cdot λ) + 1 \cdot - 2) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.2.2.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (- 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{2} + 1 \cdot - 2) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.2.3

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (1 λ^{2} + 1 \cdot - 2) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.2.4

Multiplique $λ^{2}$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 1 \cdot - 2) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.4.5.2.5

Multiplique $- 2$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.5

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 1.5.5.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $2$ by its cofactor and add.

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Etapa 1.5.5.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.5.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Etapa 1.5.5.1.3

The minor for $a_{21}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.5.1.4

Multiply element $a_{21}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.5.1.5

The minor for $a_{22}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.5.1.6

Multiply element $a_{22}$ by its cofactor.

$- 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.5.1.7

The minor for $a_{23}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.5.1.8

Multiply element $a_{23}$ by its cofactor.

$λ | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5.5.1.9

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (0 | \begin{array}{c} - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 \end{array} | + λ | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.2

Multiplique $0$ por $| \begin{array}{c} - λ & - 1 \\ 0 & - 1 \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 \end{array} | + λ | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.3

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 \\ - 1 & - 1 \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 1.5.5.3.1

O determinante de uma matriz $2 \times 2$ pode ser encontrado ao usar a fórmula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (0 - 1 (1 \cdot - 1 - - - 1) + λ | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.3.2

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.5.5.3.2.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.5.3.2.1.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (0 - 1 (- 1 - - - 1) + λ | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.3.2.1.2

Multiplique $- - - 1$ .

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Etapa 1.5.5.3.2.1.2.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (0 - 1 (- 1 - 1 \cdot 1) + λ | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.3.2.1.2.2

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (0 - 1 (- 1 - 1) + λ | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.3.2.2

Subtraia $1$ de $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (0 - 1 \cdot - 2 + λ | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Etapa 1.5.5.4

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - λ \\ - 1 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 1.5.5.4.1

O determinante de uma matriz $2 \times 2$ pode ser encontrado ao usar a fórmula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (0 - 1 \cdot - 2 + λ (1 \cdot 0 - - - λ))$

Etapa 1.5.5.4.2

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.5.5.4.2.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.5.4.2.1.1

Multiplique $0$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (0 - 1 \cdot - 2 + λ (0 - - - λ))$

Etapa 1.5.5.4.2.1.2

Multiplique $- - λ$ .

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Etapa 1.5.5.4.2.1.2.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (0 - 1 \cdot - 2 + λ (0 - (1 λ)))$

Etapa 1.5.5.4.2.1.2.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (0 - 1 \cdot - 2 + λ (0 - λ))$

Etapa 1.5.5.4.2.2

Subtraia $λ$ de $0$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (0 - 1 \cdot - 2 + λ (- λ))$

Etapa 1.5.5.5

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.5.5.5.1

Subtraia $1 \cdot - 2$ de $0$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (- 1 \cdot - 2 + λ (- λ))$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 2$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (2 + λ (- λ))$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.2

Reescreva usando a propriedade comutativa da multiplicação.

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (2 - λ \cdot λ)$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.3

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ$ somando os expoentes.

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Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.3.1

Mova $λ$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (2 - (λ \cdot λ))$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.2.3.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (2 - λ^{2})$

Etapa 1.5.5.5.3

Reordene $2$ e $- λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 1.5.6.1

Some $- λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2)$ e $0$ .

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3} + 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.6.2.1

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$p (λ) = - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.2

Reescreva usando a propriedade comutativa da multiplicação.

$p (λ) = - 1 \cdot - 1 λ \cdot λ^{3} - λ (2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.3

Reescreva usando a propriedade comutativa da multiplicação.

$p (λ) = - 1 \cdot - 1 λ \cdot λ^{3} - 1 \cdot 2 λ \cdot λ - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.4

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 1.5.6.2.4.1

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ^{3}$ somando os expoentes.

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Etapa 1.5.6.2.4.1.1

Mova $λ^{3}$ .

$p (λ) = - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ^{3} λ) - 1 \cdot 2 λ \cdot λ - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.4.1.2

Multiplique $λ^{3}$ por $λ$ .

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Etapa 1.5.6.2.4.1.2.1

Eleve $λ$ à potência de $1$ .

$p (λ) = - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ^{3} λ^{1}) - 1 \cdot 2 λ \cdot λ - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.4.1.2.2

Use a regra da multiplicação de potências $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ para combinar expoentes.

$p (λ) = - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{3 + 1} - 1 \cdot 2 λ \cdot λ - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.4.1.3

Some $3$ e $1$ .

$p (λ) = - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{4} - 1 \cdot 2 λ \cdot λ - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.4.2

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = 1 λ^{4} - 1 \cdot 2 λ \cdot λ - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.4.3

Multiplique $λ^{4}$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{4} - 1 \cdot 2 λ \cdot λ - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.4.4

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ$ somando os expoentes.

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Etapa 1.5.6.2.4.4.1

Mova $λ$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{4} - 1 \cdot 2 (λ \cdot λ) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.4.4.2

Multiplique $λ$ por $λ$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{4} - 1 \cdot 2 λ^{2} - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.4.5

Multiplique $- 1$ por $2$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{4} - 2 λ^{2} - 1 (λ^{2} - 2) + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.5

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$p (λ) = λ^{4} - 2 λ^{2} - 1 λ^{2} - 1 \cdot - 2 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.6

Reescreva $- 1 λ^{2}$ como $- λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{4} - 2 λ^{2} - λ^{2} - 1 \cdot - 2 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.7

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 2$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{4} - 2 λ^{2} - λ^{2} + 2 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2)$

Etapa 1.5.6.2.8

Multiplique $- λ^{2} + 2$ por $1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{4} - 2 λ^{2} - λ^{2} + 2 - λ^{2} + 2$

Etapa 1.5.6.3

Subtraia $λ^{2}$ de $- 2 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{4} - 3 λ^{2} + 2 - λ^{2} + 2$

Etapa 1.5.6.4

Subtraia $λ^{2}$ de $- 3 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{4} - 4 λ^{2} + 2 + 2$

Etapa 1.5.6.5

Some $2$ e $2$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{4} - 4 λ^{2} + 4$

Etapa 1.6

Defina o polinômio característico como igual a $0$ para encontrar os autovalores $λ$ .

$λ^{4} - 4 λ^{2} + 4 = 0$

Etapa 1.7

Resolva $λ$ .

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Etapa 1.7.1

Substitua $u = λ^{2}$ na equação. A fórmula quadrática ficará mais fácil de usar.

$u^{2} - 4 u + 4 = 0$

$u = λ^{2}$

Etapa 1.7.2

Fatore usando a regra do quadrado perfeito.

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Etapa 1.7.2.1

Reescreva $4$ como $2^{2}$ .

$u^{2} - 4 u + 2^{2} = 0$

Etapa 1.7.2.2

Verifique se o termo do meio é duas vezes o produto dos números ao quadrado no primeiro e no terceiro termos.

$4 u = 2 \cdot u \cdot 2$

Etapa 1.7.2.3

Reescreva o polinômio.

$u^{2} - 2 \cdot u \cdot 2 + 2^{2} = 0$

Etapa 1.7.2.4

Fatore usando a regra do trinômio quadrado perfeito $a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} = {(a - b)}^{2}$ , em que $a = u$ e $b = 2$ .

${(u - 2)}^{2} = 0$

Etapa 1.7.3

Defina $u - 2$ como igual a $0$ .

$u - 2 = 0$

Etapa 1.7.4

Some $2$ aos dois lados da equação.

$u = 2$

Etapa 1.7.5

Substitua o valor real de $u = λ^{2}$ de volta na equação resolvida.

$λ^{2} = 2$

Etapa 1.7.6

Resolva a equação para $λ$ .

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Etapa 1.7.6.1

Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.

$λ = \pm \sqrt{2}$

Etapa 1.7.6.2

A solução completa é resultado das partes positiva e negativa da solução.

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Etapa 1.7.6.2.1

Primeiro, use o valor positivo de $\pm$ para encontrar a primeira solução.

$λ = \sqrt{2}$

Etapa 1.7.6.2.2

Depois, use o valor negativo de $\pm$ para encontrar a segunda solução.

$λ = - \sqrt{2}$

Etapa 1.7.6.2.3

A solução completa é resultado das partes positiva e negativa da solução.

$λ = \sqrt{2}, - \sqrt{2}$

Etapa 2

The eigenvector is equal to the null space of the matrix minus the eigenvalue times the identity matrix where $N$ is the null space and $I$ is the identity matrix.

$ε_{A} = N (A - λ I_{4})$

Etapa 3

Find the eigenvector using the eigenvalue $λ = \sqrt{2}$ .

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Etapa 3.1

Substitua os valores conhecidos na fórmula.

$N ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] - \sqrt{2} [\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 3.2

Simplifique.

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Etapa 3.2.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 3.2.1.1

Multiplique $- \sqrt{2}$ por cada elemento da matriz.

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2

Simplifique cada elemento da matriz.

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Etapa 3.2.1.2.1

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.2

Multiplique $- \sqrt{2} \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 3.2.1.2.2.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 \sqrt{2} & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.2.2

Multiplique $0$ por $\sqrt{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.3

Multiplique $- \sqrt{2} \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 3.2.1.2.3.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \sqrt{2} & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.3.2

Multiplique $0$ por $\sqrt{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.4

Multiplique $- \sqrt{2} \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 3.2.1.2.4.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \sqrt{2} \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.4.2

Multiplique $0$ por $\sqrt{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.5

Multiplique $- \sqrt{2} \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 3.2.1.2.5.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 \sqrt{2} & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.5.2

Multiplique $0$ por $\sqrt{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.6

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.7

Multiplique $- \sqrt{2} \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 3.2.1.2.7.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 \sqrt{2} & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.7.2

Multiplique $0$ por $\sqrt{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.8

Multiplique $- \sqrt{2} \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 3.2.1.2.8.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \sqrt{2} \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.8.2

Multiplique $0$ por $\sqrt{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.9

Multiplique $- \sqrt{2} \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 3.2.1.2.9.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 \sqrt{2} & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.9.2

Multiplique $0$ por $\sqrt{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.10

Multiplique $- \sqrt{2} \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 3.2.1.2.10.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \sqrt{2} & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.10.2

Multiplique $0$ por $\sqrt{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.11

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - \sqrt{2} & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.12

Multiplique $- \sqrt{2} \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 3.2.1.2.12.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 \sqrt{2} \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.12.2

Multiplique $0$ por $\sqrt{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 \\ - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.13

Multiplique $- \sqrt{2} \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 3.2.1.2.13.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 \\ 0 \sqrt{2} & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.13.2

Multiplique $0$ por $\sqrt{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.14

Multiplique $- \sqrt{2} \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 3.2.1.2.14.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \sqrt{2} & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.14.2

Multiplique $0$ por $\sqrt{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.15

Multiplique $- \sqrt{2} \cdot 0$ .

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Etapa 3.2.1.2.15.1

Multiplique $0$ por $- 1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \sqrt{2} & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.15.2

Multiplique $0$ por $\sqrt{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & - \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.1.2.16

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

Etapa 3.2.2

Adicione os elementos correspondentes.

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 - \sqrt{2} & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.3

Simplify each element.

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Etapa 3.2.3.1

Subtraia $\sqrt{2}$ de $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.3.2

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.3.3

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.3.4

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.3.5

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.3.6

Subtraia $\sqrt{2}$ de $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.3.7

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.3.8

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.3.9

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.3.10

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.3.11

Subtraia $\sqrt{2}$ de $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.3.12

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.3.13

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.3.14

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.3.15

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.2.3.16

Subtraia $\sqrt{2}$ de $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3

Find the null space when $λ = \sqrt{2}$ .

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Etapa 3.3.1

Write as an augmented matrix for $A x = 0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2

Encontre a forma escalonada reduzida por linhas.

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Etapa 3.3.2.1

Multiply each element of $R_{1}$ by $- \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$ to make the entry at $1, 1$ a $1$ .

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Etapa 3.3.2.1.1

Multiply each element of $R_{1}$ by $- \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$ to make the entry at $1, 1$ a $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (- \sqrt{2}) & - \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot 1 & - \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot 0 & - \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot - 1 & - \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot 0 \\ 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.1.2

Simplifique $R_{1}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.2

Perform the row operation $R_{2} = R_{2} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at $2, 1$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 3.3.2.2.1

Perform the row operation $R_{2} = R_{2} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at $2, 1$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 1 - 1 & - \sqrt{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 - 0 & 0 - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 - 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.2.2

Simplifique $R_{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.3

Perform the row operation $R_{4} = R_{4} + R_{1}$ to make the entry at $4, 1$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 3.3.2.3.1

Perform the row operation $R_{4} = R_{4} + R_{1}$ to make the entry at $4, 1$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 + 1 \cdot 1 & 0 - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 + 0 & - \sqrt{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.3.2

Simplifique $R_{4}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.4

Multiply each element of $R_{2}$ by $- \frac{2}{\sqrt{2}}$ to make the entry at $2, 2$ a $1$ .

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Etapa 3.3.2.4.1

Multiply each element of $R_{2}$ by $- \frac{2}{\sqrt{2}}$ to make the entry at $2, 2$ a $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ - \frac{2}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot 0 & - \frac{2}{\sqrt{2}} (- \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}) & - \frac{2}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot - 1 & - \frac{2}{\sqrt{2}} (- \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}) & - \frac{2}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.4.2

Simplifique $R_{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & - \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.5

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} + R_{2}$ to make the entry at $3, 2$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 3.3.2.5.1

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} + R_{2}$ to make the entry at $3, 2$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 1 \cdot 1 & - \sqrt{2} + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 1 \cdot 1 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.5.2

Simplifique $R_{3}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.6

Perform the row operation $R_{4} = R_{4} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} R_{2}$ to make the entry at $4, 2$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 3.3.2.6.1

Perform the row operation $R_{4} = R_{4} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} R_{2}$ to make the entry at $4, 2$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot 1 & - 1 + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \sqrt{2} & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot 1 & 0 + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.6.2

Simplifique $R_{4}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.7

Perform the row operation $R_{1} = R_{1} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} R_{2}$ to make the entry at $1, 2$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 3.3.2.7.1

Perform the row operation $R_{1} = R_{1} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} R_{2}$ to make the entry at $1, 2$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot 1 & 0 + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \sqrt{2} & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot 1 & 0 + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot 0 \\ 0 & 1 & \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.2.7.2

Simplifique $R_{1}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & \sqrt{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.3

Use the result matrix to declare the final solution to the system of equations.

$x_{1} + x_{3} + \sqrt{2} x_{4} = 0$

$x_{2} + \sqrt{2} x_{3} + x_{4} = 0$

$0 = 0$

Etapa 3.3.4

Write a solution vector by solving in terms of the free variables in each row.

$[\begin{array}{c} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}] = [\begin{array}{c} - x_{3} - \sqrt{2} x_{4} \\ - \sqrt{2} x_{3} - x_{4} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.5

Write the solution as a linear combination of vectors.

$[\begin{array}{c} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}] = x_{3} [\begin{array}{c} - 1 \\ - \sqrt{2} \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}] + x_{4} [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} \\ - 1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 3.3.6

Write as a solution set.

${x_{3} [\begin{array}{c} - 1 \\ - \sqrt{2} \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}] + x_{4} [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} \\ - 1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}] | x_{3}, x_{4} \in R}$

Etapa 3.3.7

The solution is the set of vectors created from the free variables of the system.

${[\begin{array}{c} - 1 \\ - \sqrt{2} \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}], [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} \\ - 1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}]}$

Etapa 4

Find the eigenvector using the eigenvalue $λ = - \sqrt{2}$ .

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Etapa 4.1

Substitua os valores conhecidos na fórmula.

$N ([\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + \sqrt{2} [\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}])$

Etapa 4.2

Simplifique.

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Etapa 4.2.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 4.2.1.1

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por cada elemento da matriz.

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2

Simplifique cada elemento da matriz.

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Etapa 4.2.1.2.1

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.2

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.3

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.4

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.5

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.6

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{2} & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.7

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{2} & 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.8

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.9

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.10

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.11

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \sqrt{2} & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.12

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \sqrt{2} & 0 \\ \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.13

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \sqrt{2} & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.14

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \sqrt{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.15

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \sqrt{2} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \sqrt{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \sqrt{2} \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.1.2.16

Multiplique $\sqrt{2}$ por $1$ .

Etapa 4.2.2

Adicione os elementos correspondentes.

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 + \sqrt{2} & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3

Simplify each element.

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Etapa 4.2.3.1

Some $0$ e $\sqrt{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.2

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.3

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.4

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.5

Some $1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.6

Some $0$ e $\sqrt{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.7

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.8

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.9

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.10

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 0 + \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.11

Some $0$ e $\sqrt{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.12

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.13

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.14

Some $0$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.15

Some $- 1$ e $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 + \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.2.3.16

Some $0$ e $\sqrt{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 \\ 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3

Find the null space when $λ = - \sqrt{2}$ .

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Etapa 4.3.1

Write as an augmented matrix for $A x = 0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2

Encontre a forma escalonada reduzida por linhas.

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Etapa 4.3.2.1

Multiply each element of $R_{1}$ by $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$ to make the entry at $1, 1$ a $1$ .

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Etapa 4.3.2.1.1

Multiply each element of $R_{1}$ by $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$ to make the entry at $1, 1$ a $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{0}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{- 1}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{0}{\sqrt{2}} \\ 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2.1.2

Simplifique $R_{1}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2.2

Perform the row operation $R_{2} = R_{2} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at $2, 1$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 4.3.2.2.1

Perform the row operation $R_{2} = R_{2} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at $2, 1$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 1 - 1 & \sqrt{2} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 - 0 & 0 + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 - 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2.2.2

Simplifique $R_{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 & 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2.3

Perform the row operation $R_{4} = R_{4} + R_{1}$ to make the entry at $4, 1$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 4.3.2.3.1

Perform the row operation $R_{4} = R_{4} + R_{1}$ to make the entry at $4, 1$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ - 1 + 1 \cdot 1 & 0 + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 + 0 & \sqrt{2} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 + 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2.3.2

Simplifique $R_{4}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2.4

Multiply each element of $R_{2}$ by $\frac{2}{\sqrt{2}}$ to make the entry at $2, 2$ a $1$ .

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Etapa 4.3.2.4.1

Multiply each element of $R_{2}$ by $\frac{2}{\sqrt{2}}$ to make the entry at $2, 2$ a $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ \frac{2}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot 0 & \frac{2}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & \frac{2}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot - 1 & \frac{2}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & \frac{2}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2.4.2

Simplifique $R_{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & \sqrt{2} & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2.5

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} + R_{2}$ to make the entry at $3, 2$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 4.3.2.5.1

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} + R_{2}$ to make the entry at $3, 2$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 1 \cdot 1 & \sqrt{2} - \sqrt{2} & - 1 + 1 \cdot 1 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2.5.2

Simplifique $R_{3}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & - 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2.6

Perform the row operation $R_{4} = R_{4} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} R_{2}$ to make the entry at $4, 2$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 4.3.2.6.1

Perform the row operation $R_{4} = R_{4} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} R_{2}$ to make the entry at $4, 2$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot 1 & - 1 - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} (- \sqrt{2}) & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot 1 & 0 - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2.6.2

Simplifique $R_{4}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2.7

Perform the row operation $R_{1} = R_{1} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} R_{2}$ to make the entry at $1, 2$ a $0$ .

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Etapa 4.3.2.7.1

Perform the row operation $R_{1} = R_{1} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} R_{2}$ to make the entry at $1, 2$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot 1 & 0 - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} (- \sqrt{2}) & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot 1 & 0 - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.2.7.2

Simplifique $R_{1}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & - \sqrt{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \sqrt{2} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.3

Use the result matrix to declare the final solution to the system of equations.

$x_{1} + x_{3} - \sqrt{2} x_{4} = 0$

$x_{2} - \sqrt{2} x_{3} + x_{4} = 0$

$0 = 0$

Etapa 4.3.4

Write a solution vector by solving in terms of the free variables in each row.

$[\begin{array}{c} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}] = [\begin{array}{c} - x_{3} + \sqrt{2} x_{4} \\ \sqrt{2} x_{3} - x_{4} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.5

Write the solution as a linear combination of vectors.

$[\begin{array}{c} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}] = x_{3} [\begin{array}{c} - 1 \\ \sqrt{2} \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}] + x_{4} [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} \\ - 1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}]$

Etapa 4.3.6

Write as a solution set.

${x_{3} [\begin{array}{c} - 1 \\ \sqrt{2} \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}] + x_{4} [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} \\ - 1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}] | x_{3}, x_{4} \in R}$

Etapa 4.3.7

The solution is the set of vectors created from the free variables of the system.

${[\begin{array}{c} - 1 \\ \sqrt{2} \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}], [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} \\ - 1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}]}$

Etapa 5

The eigenspace of $A$ is the list of the vector space for each eigenvalue.

${[\begin{array}{c} - 1 \\ - \sqrt{2} \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}], [\begin{array}{c} - \sqrt{2} \\ - 1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}], [\begin{array}{c} - 1 \\ \sqrt{2} \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}], [\begin{array}{c} \sqrt{2} \\ - 1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}]}$