Álgebra linear Exemplos

$[\begin{array}{c} x & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & x & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & x \end{array}]$

Etapa 1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Etapa 1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + & - \\ - & + & - & + \\ + & - & + & - \\ - & + & - & + \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Etapa 1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} x & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & x \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$x | \begin{array}{c} x & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & x \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.9

The minor for $a_{14}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $4$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.10

Multiply element $a_{14}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 1.11

Add the terms together.

$x | \begin{array}{c} x & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & x \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 2

Multiplique $0$ por $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} |$ .

$x | \begin{array}{c} x & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & x \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 3

Multiplique $0$ por $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \end{array} |$ .

$x | \begin{array}{c} x & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & x \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} x & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & x \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 4.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Etapa 4.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Etapa 4.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Etapa 4.1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} x & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} |$

Etapa 4.1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$x | \begin{array}{c} x & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} |$

Etapa 4.1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} |$

Etapa 4.1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} |$

Etapa 4.1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & x \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 4.1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & x \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 4.1.9

Add the terms together.

$x (x | \begin{array}{c} x & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & x \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.2

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} x & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 4.2.1

O determinante de uma matriz $2 \times 2$ pode ser encontrado ao usar a fórmula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$x (x (x \cdot x - 1 \cdot 1) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & x \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.2.2

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 4.2.2.1

Multiplique $x$ por $x$ .

$x (x (x^{2} - 1 \cdot 1) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & x \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.2.2.2

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$x (x (x^{2} - 1) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & x \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.3

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 4.3.1

O determinante de uma matriz $2 \times 2$ pode ser encontrado ao usar a fórmula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$x (x (x^{2} - 1) - 1 (1 x - 1 \cdot 1) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & x \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.3.2

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 4.3.2.1

Multiplique $x$ por $1$ .

$x (x (x^{2} - 1) - 1 (x - 1 \cdot 1) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & x \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.3.2.2

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$x (x (x^{2} - 1) - 1 (x - 1) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & x \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.4

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & x \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 4.4.1

O determinante de uma matriz $2 \times 2$ pode ser encontrado ao usar a fórmula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$x (x (x^{2} - 1) - 1 (x - 1) + 1 (1 \cdot 1 - x)) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.4.2

Multiplique $1$ por $1$ .

$x (x (x^{2} - 1) - 1 (x - 1) + 1 (1 - x)) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.5

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 4.5.1

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 4.5.1.1

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$x (x \cdot x^{2} + x \cdot - 1 - 1 (x - 1) + 1 (1 - x)) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.5.1.2

Multiplique $x$ por $x^{2}$ somando os expoentes.

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Etapa 4.5.1.2.1

Multiplique $x$ por $x^{2}$ .

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Etapa 4.5.1.2.1.1

Eleve $x$ à potência de $1$ .

$x (x^{1} x^{2} + x \cdot - 1 - 1 (x - 1) + 1 (1 - x)) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.5.1.2.1.2

Use a regra da multiplicação de potências $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ para combinar expoentes.

$x (x^{1 + 2} + x \cdot - 1 - 1 (x - 1) + 1 (1 - x)) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.5.1.2.2

Some $1$ e $2$ .

$x (x^{3} + x \cdot - 1 - 1 (x - 1) + 1 (1 - x)) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.5.1.3

Mova $- 1$ para a esquerda de $x$ .

$x (x^{3} - 1 \cdot x - 1 (x - 1) + 1 (1 - x)) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.5.1.4

Reescreva $- 1 x$ como $- x$ .

$x (x^{3} - x - 1 (x - 1) + 1 (1 - x)) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.5.1.5

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$x (x^{3} - x - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 (1 - x)) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.5.1.6

Reescreva $- 1 x$ como $- x$ .

$x (x^{3} - x - x - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 (1 - x)) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.5.1.7

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$x (x^{3} - x - x + 1 + 1 (1 - x)) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.5.1.8

Multiplique $1 - x$ por $1$ .

$x (x^{3} - x - x + 1 + 1 - x) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.5.2

Subtraia $x$ de $- x$ .

$x (x^{3} - 2 x + 1 + 1 - x) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.5.3

Subtraia $x$ de $- 2 x$ .

$x (x^{3} - 3 x + 1 + 1) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 4.5.4

Some $1$ e $1$ .

$x (x^{3} - 3 x + 2) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Etapa 5

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & x & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & x \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 5.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in column $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Etapa 5.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Etapa 5.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Etapa 5.1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} x & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} |$

Etapa 5.1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$1 | \begin{array}{c} x & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} |$

Etapa 5.1.5

The minor for $a_{21}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} |$

Etapa 5.1.6

Multiply element $a_{21}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} |$

Etapa 5.1.7

The minor for $a_{31}$ is the determinant with row $3$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ x & 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 5.1.8

Multiply element $a_{31}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ x & 1 \end{array} |$

Etapa 5.1.9

Add the terms together.

$x (x^{3} - 3 x + 2) - 1 (1 | \begin{array}{c} x & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ x & 1 \end{array} |) + 0 + 0$

Etapa 5.2

Multiplique $0$ por $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} |$ .

$x (x^{3} - 3 x + 2) - 1 (1 | \begin{array}{c} x & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ x & 1 \end{array} |) + 0 + 0$

Etapa 5.3

Multiplique $0$ por $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ x & 1 \end{array} |$ .

$x (x^{3} - 3 x + 2) - 1 (1 | \begin{array}{c} x & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} | + 0 + 0) + 0 + 0$

Etapa 5.4

Avalie $| \begin{array}{c} x & 1 \\ 1 & x \end{array} |$ .

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Etapa 5.4.1

O determinante de uma matriz $2 \times 2$ pode ser encontrado ao usar a fórmula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$x (x^{3} - 3 x + 2) - 1 (1 (x \cdot x - 1 \cdot 1) + 0 + 0) + 0 + 0$

Etapa 5.4.2

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 5.4.2.1

Multiplique $x$ por $x$ .

$x (x^{3} - 3 x + 2) - 1 (1 (x^{2} - 1 \cdot 1) + 0 + 0) + 0 + 0$

Etapa 5.4.2.2

Multiplique $- 1$ por $1$ .

$x (x^{3} - 3 x + 2) - 1 (1 (x^{2} - 1) + 0 + 0) + 0 + 0$

Etapa 5.5

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 5.5.1

Combine os termos opostos em $1 (x^{2} - 1) + 0 + 0$ .

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Etapa 5.5.1.1

Some $1 (x^{2} - 1)$ e $0$ .

$x (x^{3} - 3 x + 2) - 1 (1 (x^{2} - 1) + 0) + 0 + 0$

Etapa 5.5.1.2

Some $1 (x^{2} - 1)$ e $0$ .

$x (x^{3} - 3 x + 2) - 1 (1 (x^{2} - 1)) + 0 + 0$

Etapa 5.5.2

Multiplique $x^{2} - 1$ por $1$ .

$x (x^{3} - 3 x + 2) - 1 (x^{2} - 1) + 0 + 0$

Etapa 6

Simplifique o determinante.

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Etapa 6.1

Combine os termos opostos em $x (x^{3} - 3 x + 2) - 1 (x^{2} - 1) + 0 + 0$ .

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Etapa 6.1.1

Some $x (x^{3} - 3 x + 2) - 1 (x^{2} - 1)$ e $0$ .

$x (x^{3} - 3 x + 2) - 1 (x^{2} - 1) + 0$

Etapa 6.1.2

Some $x (x^{3} - 3 x + 2) - 1 (x^{2} - 1)$ e $0$ .

$x (x^{3} - 3 x + 2) - 1 (x^{2} - 1)$

Etapa 6.2

Simplifique cada termo.

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Etapa 6.2.1

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$x \cdot x^{3} + x (- 3 x) + x \cdot 2 - 1 (x^{2} - 1)$

Etapa 6.2.2

Simplifique.

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Etapa 6.2.2.1

Multiplique $x$ por $x^{3}$ somando os expoentes.

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Etapa 6.2.2.1.1

Multiplique $x$ por $x^{3}$ .

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Etapa 6.2.2.1.1.1

Eleve $x$ à potência de $1$ .

$x^{1} x^{3} + x (- 3 x) + x \cdot 2 - 1 (x^{2} - 1)$

Etapa 6.2.2.1.1.2

Use a regra da multiplicação de potências $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ para combinar expoentes.

$x^{1 + 3} + x (- 3 x) + x \cdot 2 - 1 (x^{2} - 1)$

Etapa 6.2.2.1.2

Some $1$ e $3$ .

$x^{4} + x (- 3 x) + x \cdot 2 - 1 (x^{2} - 1)$

Etapa 6.2.2.2

Reescreva usando a propriedade comutativa da multiplicação.

$x^{4} - 3 x \cdot x + x \cdot 2 - 1 (x^{2} - 1)$

Etapa 6.2.2.3

Mova $2$ para a esquerda de $x$ .

$x^{4} - 3 x \cdot x + 2 \cdot x - 1 (x^{2} - 1)$

Etapa 6.2.3

Multiplique $x$ por $x$ somando os expoentes.

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Etapa 6.2.3.1

Mova $x$ .

$x^{4} - 3 (x \cdot x) + 2 \cdot x - 1 (x^{2} - 1)$

Etapa 6.2.3.2

Multiplique $x$ por $x$ .

$x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2 \cdot x - 1 (x^{2} - 1)$

$x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2 x - 1 (x^{2} - 1)$

Etapa 6.2.4

Aplique a propriedade distributiva.

$x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2 x - 1 x^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1$

Etapa 6.2.5

Reescreva $- 1 x^{2}$ como $- x^{2}$ .

$x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2 x - x^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1$

Etapa 6.2.6

Multiplique $- 1$ por $- 1$ .

$x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 2 x - x^{2} + 1$

Etapa 6.3

Subtraia $x^{2}$ de $- 3 x^{2}$ .

$x^{4} - 4 x^{2} + 2 x + 1$