Trigonometry Examples

$y = - 2 \sec (4 x + 2)$

Step 1

Find the asymptotes.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.1

For any $y = \sec (x)$ , vertical asymptotes occur at $x = \frac{π}{2} + n π$ , where $n$ is an integer. Use the basic period for $y = s e c (x)$ , $(- \frac{π}{2}, \frac{3 π}{2})$ , to find the vertical asymptotes for $y = - 2 \sec (4 x + 2)$ . Set the inside of the secant function, $b x + c$ , for $y = a \sec (b x + c) + d$ equal to $- \frac{π}{2}$ to find where the vertical asymptote occurs for $y = - 2 \sec (4 x + 2)$ .

$4 x + 2 = - \frac{π}{2}$

Step 1.2

Solve for $x$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.2.1

Subtract $2$ from both sides of the equation.

$4 x = - \frac{π}{2} - 2$

Step 1.2.2

Divide each term in $4 x = - \frac{π}{2} - 2$ by $4$ and simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.2.2.1

Divide each term in $4 x = - \frac{π}{2} - 2$ by $4$ .

$\frac{4 x}{4} = \frac{- \frac{π}{2}}{4} + \frac{- 2}{4}$

Step 1.2.2.2

Simplify the left side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.2.2.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $4$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.2.2.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{4 x}{4} = \frac{- \frac{π}{2}}{4} + \frac{- 2}{4}$

Step 1.2.2.2.1.2

Divide $x$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- \frac{π}{2}}{4} + \frac{- 2}{4}$

Step 1.2.2.3

Simplify the right side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.2.2.3.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.2.2.3.1.1

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$x = - \frac{π}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{4} + \frac{- 2}{4}$

Step 1.2.2.3.1.2

Multiply $- \frac{π}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{4}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.2.2.3.1.2.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $\frac{π}{2}$ .

$x = - \frac{π}{4 \cdot 2} + \frac{- 2}{4}$

Step 1.2.2.3.1.2.2

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$x = - \frac{π}{8} + \frac{- 2}{4}$

Step 1.2.2.3.1.3

Cancel the common factor of $- 2$ and $4$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.2.2.3.1.3.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$x = - \frac{π}{8} + \frac{2 (- 1)}{4}$

Step 1.2.2.3.1.3.2

Cancel the common factors.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.2.2.3.1.3.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$x = - \frac{π}{8} + \frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 \cdot 2}$

Step 1.2.2.3.1.3.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$x = - \frac{π}{8} + \frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 \cdot 2}$

Step 1.2.2.3.1.3.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$x = - \frac{π}{8} + \frac{- 1}{2}$

Step 1.2.2.3.1.4

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$x = - \frac{π}{8} - \frac{1}{2}$

Step 1.3

Set the inside of the secant function $4 x + 2$ equal to $\frac{3 π}{2}$ .

$4 x + 2 = \frac{3 π}{2}$

Step 1.4

Solve for $x$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.1

Subtract $2$ from both sides of the equation.

$4 x = \frac{3 π}{2} - 2$

Step 1.4.2

Divide each term in $4 x = \frac{3 π}{2} - 2$ by $4$ and simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.2.1

Divide each term in $4 x = \frac{3 π}{2} - 2$ by $4$ .

$\frac{4 x}{4} = \frac{\frac{3 π}{2}}{4} + \frac{- 2}{4}$

Step 1.4.2.2

Simplify the left side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.2.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $4$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.2.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{4 x}{4} = \frac{\frac{3 π}{2}}{4} + \frac{- 2}{4}$

Step 1.4.2.2.1.2

Divide $x$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{\frac{3 π}{2}}{4} + \frac{- 2}{4}$

Step 1.4.2.3

Simplify the right side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.2.3.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.2.3.1.1

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$x = \frac{3 π}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{4} + \frac{- 2}{4}$

Step 1.4.2.3.1.2

Multiply $\frac{3 π}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{4}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.2.3.1.2.1

Multiply $\frac{3 π}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$x = \frac{3 π}{2 \cdot 4} + \frac{- 2}{4}$

Step 1.4.2.3.1.2.2

Multiply $2$ by $4$ .

$x = \frac{3 π}{8} + \frac{- 2}{4}$

Step 1.4.2.3.1.3

Cancel the common factor of $- 2$ and $4$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.2.3.1.3.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$x = \frac{3 π}{8} + \frac{2 (- 1)}{4}$

Step 1.4.2.3.1.3.2

Cancel the common factors.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.2.3.1.3.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$x = \frac{3 π}{8} + \frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 \cdot 2}$

Step 1.4.2.3.1.3.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$x = \frac{3 π}{8} + \frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 \cdot 2}$

Step 1.4.2.3.1.3.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$x = \frac{3 π}{8} + \frac{- 1}{2}$

Step 1.4.2.3.1.4

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$x = \frac{3 π}{8} - \frac{1}{2}$

Step 1.5

The basic period for $y = - 2 \sec (4 x + 2)$ will occur at $(- \frac{π}{8} - \frac{1}{2}, \frac{3 π}{8} - \frac{1}{2})$ , where $- \frac{π}{8} - \frac{1}{2}$ and $\frac{3 π}{8} - \frac{1}{2}$ are vertical asymptotes.

$(- \frac{π}{8} - \frac{1}{2}, \frac{3 π}{8} - \frac{1}{2})$

Step 1.6

Find the period $\frac{2 π}{| b |}$ to find where the vertical asymptotes exist. Vertical asymptotes occur every half period.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.6.1

The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between $0$ and $4$ is $4$ .

$\frac{2 π}{4}$

Step 1.6.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ and $4$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.6.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 π$ .

$\frac{2 (π)}{4}$

Step 1.6.2.2

Cancel the common factors.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.6.2.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{2 π}{2 \cdot 2}$

Step 1.6.2.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 π}{2 \cdot 2}$

Step 1.6.2.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{π}{2}$

Step 1.7

The vertical asymptotes for $y = - 2 \sec (4 x + 2)$ occur at $- \frac{π}{8} - \frac{1}{2}$ , $\frac{3 π}{8} - \frac{1}{2}$ , and every $x = - \frac{π}{8} - \frac{1}{2} + \frac{π n}{4}$ , where $n$ is an integer. This is half of the period.

$x = - \frac{π}{8} - \frac{1}{2} + \frac{π n}{4}$

Step 1.8

Secant only has vertical asymptotes.

No Horizontal Asymptotes

No Oblique Asymptotes

Vertical Asymptotes: $x = - \frac{π}{8} - \frac{1}{2} + \frac{π n}{4}$ where $n$ is an integer

No Horizontal Asymptotes

No Oblique Asymptotes

Vertical Asymptotes: $x = - \frac{π}{8} - \frac{1}{2} + \frac{π n}{4}$ where $n$ is an integer

Step 2

Use the form $a \sec (b x - c) + d$ to find the variables used to find the amplitude, period, phase shift, and vertical shift.

$a = - 2$

$b = 4$

$c = - 2$

$d = 0$

Step 3

Since the graph of the function $s e c$ does not have a maximum or minimum value, there can be no value for the amplitude.

Amplitude: None

Step 4

Find the period of $- 2 \sec (4 x + 2)$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.1

The period of the function can be calculated using $\frac{2 π}{| b |}$ .

$\frac{2 π}{| b |}$

Step 4.2

Replace $b$ with $4$ in the formula for period.

$\frac{2 π}{| 4 |}$

Step 4.3

The absolute value is the distance between a number and zero. The distance between $0$ and $4$ is $4$ .

$\frac{2 π}{4}$

Step 4.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ and $4$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.4.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 π$ .

$\frac{2 (π)}{4}$

Step 4.4.2

Cancel the common factors.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.4.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{2 π}{2 \cdot 2}$

Step 4.4.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 π}{2 \cdot 2}$

Step 4.4.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{π}{2}$

Step 5

Find the phase shift using the formula $\frac{c}{b}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.1

The phase shift of the function can be calculated from $\frac{c}{b}$ .

Phase Shift: $\frac{c}{b}$

Step 5.2

Replace the values of $c$ and $b$ in the equation for phase shift.

Phase Shift: $\frac{- 2}{4}$

Step 5.3

Cancel the common factor of $- 2$ and $4$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

Phase Shift: $\frac{2 (- 1)}{4}$

Step 5.3.2

Cancel the common factors.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

Phase Shift: $\frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 \cdot 2}$

Step 5.3.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

Phase Shift: $\frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 \cdot 2}$

Step 5.3.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

Phase Shift: $\frac{- 1}{2}$

Step 5.4

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

Phase Shift: $- \frac{1}{2}$

Step 6

List the properties of the trigonometric function.

Amplitude: None

Period: $\frac{π}{2}$

Phase Shift: $- \frac{1}{2}$ ( $\frac{1}{2}$ to the left)

Vertical Shift: None

Step 7

The trig function can be graphed using the amplitude, period, phase shift, vertical shift, and the points.

Vertical Asymptotes: $x = - \frac{π}{8} - \frac{1}{2} + \frac{π n}{4}$ where $n$ is an integer

Amplitude: None

Period: $\frac{π}{2}$

Phase Shift: $- \frac{1}{2}$ ( $\frac{1}{2}$ to the left)

Vertical Shift: None

Step 8