Trigonometry Examples

$\sec (2 \arctan (x))$

Step 1

Expand sec(2x).

$\frac{1}{\cos^{2} (\arctan (x)) - \sin^{2} (\arctan (x))}$

Step 2

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 2.1

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = \cos (\arctan (x))$ and $b = \sin (\arctan (x))$ .

$\frac{1}{(\cos (\arctan (x)) + \sin (\arctan (x))) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2

Simplify.

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Step 2.2.1

Draw a triangle in the plane with vertices $(1, x)$ , $(1, 0)$ , and the origin. Then $\arctan (x)$ is the angle between the positive x-axis and the ray beginning at the origin and passing through $(1, x)$ . Therefore, $\cos (\arctan (x))$ is $\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}} + \sin (\arctan (x))) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}} + \sin (\arctan (x))) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.3

Combine and simplify the denominator.

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Step 2.2.3.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}} + \sin (\arctan (x))) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.3.2

Raise $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1} \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}} + \sin (\arctan (x))) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.3.3

Raise $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1} {\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1}} + \sin (\arctan (x))) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.3.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1 + 1}} + \sin (\arctan (x))) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.3.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{2}} + \sin (\arctan (x))) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.3.6

Rewrite ${\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{2}$ as $1 + x^{2}$ .

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Step 2.2.3.6.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ as ${(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{({(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}} + \sin (\arctan (x))) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.3.6.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}} + \sin (\arctan (x))) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.3.6.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}}} + \sin (\arctan (x))) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.3.6.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.2.3.6.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}}} + \sin (\arctan (x))) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.3.6.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{1}} + \sin (\arctan (x))) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.3.6.5

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} + \sin (\arctan (x))) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.4

Draw a triangle in the plane with vertices $(1, x)$ , $(1, 0)$ , and the origin. Then $\arctan (x)$ is the angle between the positive x-axis and the ray beginning at the origin and passing through $(1, x)$ . Therefore, $\sin (\arctan (x))$ is $\frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.5

Multiply $\frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.6

Combine and simplify the denominator.

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Step 2.2.6.1

Multiply $\frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.6.2

Raise $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1} \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.6.3

Raise $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1} {\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1}}) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.6.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1 + 1}}) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.6.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{2}}) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.6.6

Rewrite ${\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{2}$ as $1 + x^{2}$ .

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Step 2.2.6.6.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ as ${(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{({(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.6.6.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}}) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.6.6.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}}}) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.6.6.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.2.6.6.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}}}) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.6.6.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{1}}) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.6.6.5

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} + \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}}) (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.7

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} + x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.8

Factor $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ out of $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} + x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ .

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Step 2.2.8.1

Multiply by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} \cdot 1 + x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.8.2

Factor $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ out of $x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} \cdot 1 + \sqrt{1 + x^{2}} x}{1 + x^{2}} (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.8.3

Factor $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ out of $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} \cdot 1 + \sqrt{1 + x^{2}} x$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\cos (\arctan (x)) - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.9

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}} - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.10

Multiply $\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}} - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.11

Combine and simplify the denominator.

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Step 2.2.11.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}} - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.11.2

Raise $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1} \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}} - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.11.3

Raise $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1} {\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1}} - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.11.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1 + 1}} - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.11.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{2}} - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.11.6

Rewrite ${\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{2}$ as $1 + x^{2}$ .

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Step 2.2.11.6.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ as ${(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{({(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}} - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.11.6.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}} - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.11.6.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}}} - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.11.6.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.2.11.6.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}}} - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.11.6.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{1}} - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.11.6.5

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} - \sin (\arctan (x)))}$

Step 2.2.12

Draw a triangle in the plane with vertices $(1, x)$ , $(1, 0)$ , and the origin. Then $\arctan (x)$ is the angle between the positive x-axis and the ray beginning at the origin and passing through $(1, x)$ . Therefore, $\sin (\arctan (x))$ is $\frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} - \frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}})}$

Step 2.2.13

Multiply $\frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} - (\frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}))}$

Step 2.2.14

Combine and simplify the denominator.

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Step 2.2.14.1

Multiply $\frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} - \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}})}$

Step 2.2.14.2

Raise $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} - \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1} \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}})}$

Step 2.2.14.3

Raise $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} - \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1} {\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1}})}$

Step 2.2.14.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} - \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1 + 1}})}$

Step 2.2.14.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} - \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{2}})}$

Step 2.2.14.6

Rewrite ${\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{2}$ as $1 + x^{2}$ .

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Step 2.2.14.6.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ as ${(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} - \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{({(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}})}$

Step 2.2.14.6.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} - \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}})}$

Step 2.2.14.6.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} - \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}}})}$

Step 2.2.14.6.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.2.14.6.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} - \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}}})}$

Step 2.2.14.6.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} - \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{1}})}$

Step 2.2.14.6.5

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}} - \frac{x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}})}$

Step 2.2.15

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} - x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}}}$

Step 2.2.16

Factor $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ out of $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} - x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ .

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Step 2.2.16.1

Multiply by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} \cdot 1 - x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}{1 + x^{2}}}$

Step 2.2.16.2

Factor $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ out of $- x \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} \cdot 1 + \sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (- x)}{1 + x^{2}}}$

Step 2.2.16.3

Factor $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ out of $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} \cdot 1 + \sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (- x)$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 - x)}{1 + x^{2}}}$

Step 3

Multiply $\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x)}{1 + x^{2}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 - x)}{1 + x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x) (\sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 - x))}{(1 + x^{2}) (1 + x^{2})}}$

Step 4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.1

Raise $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1} \sqrt{1 + x^{2}} (1 + x) (1 - x)}{(1 + x^{2}) (1 + x^{2})}}$

Step 4.2

Raise $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1} {\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1} (1 + x) (1 - x)}{(1 + x^{2}) (1 + x^{2})}}$

Step 4.3

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{\frac{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{1 + 1} (1 + x) (1 - x)}{(1 + x^{2}) (1 + x^{2})}}$

Step 4.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{2} (1 + x) (1 - x)}{(1 + x^{2}) (1 + x^{2})}}$

Step 5

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 5.1

Raise $1 + x^{2}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{2} (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{1} (1 + x^{2})}}$

Step 5.2

Raise $1 + x^{2}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{2} (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{1} {(1 + x^{2})}^{1}}}$

Step 5.3

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{\frac{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{2} (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{1 + 1}}}$

Step 5.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{{\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{2} (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{2}}}$

Step 6

Simplify terms.

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Step 6.1

Rewrite ${\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}}^{2}$ as $1 + x^{2}$ .

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Step 6.1.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ as ${(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{{({(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{2}}}$

Step 6.1.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2} (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{2}}}$

Step 6.1.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}} (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{2}}}$

Step 6.1.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 6.1.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{\frac{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}} (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{2}}}$

Step 6.1.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{\frac{{(1 + x^{2})}^{1} (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{2}}}$

Step 6.1.5

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{\frac{(1 + x^{2}) (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{2}}}$

Step 6.2

Reduce the expression $\frac{(1 + x^{2}) (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{2}}$ by cancelling the common factors.

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Step 6.2.1

Factor $1 + x^{2}$ out of $(1 + x^{2}) (1 + x) (1 - x)$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{(1 + x^{2}) ((1 + x) (1 - x))}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{2}}}$

Step 6.2.2

Factor $1 + x^{2}$ out of ${(1 + x^{2})}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{(1 + x^{2}) ((1 + x) (1 - x))}{(1 + x^{2}) (1 + x^{2})}}$

Step 6.2.3

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{\frac{(1 + x^{2}) ((1 + x) (1 - x))}{(1 + x^{2}) (1 + x^{2})}}$

Step 6.2.4

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{\frac{(1 + x) (1 - x)}{1 + x^{2}}}$

Step 7

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$1 \frac{1 + x^{2}}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$

Step 8

Multiply $\frac{1 + x^{2}}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1 + x^{2}}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$