Precalculus Examples

${(x - h)}^{3}$

Step 1

Use the binomial expansion theorem to find each term. The binomial theorem states ${(a + b)}^{n} = \sum_{k = 0}^{n} n C k \cdot (a^{n - k} b^{k})$ .

$\sum_{k = 0}^{3} \frac{3!}{(3 - k)! k!} \cdot {(x)}^{3 - k} \cdot {(- h)}^{k}$

Step 2

Expand the summation.

$\frac{3!}{(3 - 0)! 0!} {(x)}^{3 - 0} \cdot {(- h)}^{0} + \frac{3!}{(3 - 1)! 1!} {(x)}^{3 - 1} \cdot {(- h)}^{1} + \frac{3!}{(3 - 2)! 2!} {(x)}^{3 - 2} \cdot {(- h)}^{2} + \frac{3!}{(3 - 3)! 3!} {(x)}^{3 - 3} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 3

Simplify the exponents for each term of the expansion.

$1 \cdot {(x)}^{3} \cdot {(- h)}^{0} + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{2} \cdot {(- h)}^{1} + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{1} \cdot {(- h)}^{2} + 1 \cdot {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.1

Multiply ${(x)}^{3}$ by $1$ .

${(x)}^{3} \cdot {(- h)}^{0} + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{2} \cdot {(- h)}^{1} + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{1} \cdot {(- h)}^{2} + 1 \cdot {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.2

Apply the product rule to $- h$ .

$x^{3} \cdot ({(- 1)}^{0} h^{0}) + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{2} \cdot {(- h)}^{1} + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{1} \cdot {(- h)}^{2} + 1 \cdot {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

${(- 1)}^{0} x^{3} h^{0} + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{2} \cdot {(- h)}^{1} + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{1} \cdot {(- h)}^{2} + 1 \cdot {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.4

Anything raised to $0$ is $1$ .

$1 x^{3} h^{0} + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{2} \cdot {(- h)}^{1} + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{1} \cdot {(- h)}^{2} + 1 \cdot {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.5

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $1$ .

$x^{3} h^{0} + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{2} \cdot {(- h)}^{1} + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{1} \cdot {(- h)}^{2} + 1 \cdot {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.6

Anything raised to $0$ is $1$ .

$x^{3} \cdot 1 + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{2} \cdot {(- h)}^{1} + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{1} \cdot {(- h)}^{2} + 1 \cdot {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.7

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $1$ .

$x^{3} + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{2} \cdot {(- h)}^{1} + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{1} \cdot {(- h)}^{2} + 1 \cdot {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.8

Simplify.

$x^{3} + 3 x^{2} \cdot (- h) + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{1} \cdot {(- h)}^{2} + 1 \cdot {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.9

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{3} + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{2} h + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{1} \cdot {(- h)}^{2} + 1 \cdot {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.10

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$x^{3} - 3 x^{2} h + 3 \cdot {(x)}^{1} \cdot {(- h)}^{2} + 1 \cdot {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.11

Simplify.

$x^{3} - 3 x^{2} h + 3 \cdot x \cdot {(- h)}^{2} + 1 \cdot {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.12

Apply the product rule to $- h$ .

$x^{3} - 3 x^{2} h + 3 x \cdot ({(- 1)}^{2} h^{2}) + 1 \cdot {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.13

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{3} - 3 x^{2} h + 3 \cdot {(- 1)}^{2} x h^{2} + 1 \cdot {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.14

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $2$ .

$x^{3} - 3 x^{2} h + 3 \cdot 1 x h^{2} + 1 \cdot {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.15

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$x^{3} - 3 x^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} + 1 \cdot {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.16

Multiply ${(x)}^{0}$ by $1$ .

$x^{3} - 3 x^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} + {(x)}^{0} \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.17

Anything raised to $0$ is $1$ .

$x^{3} - 3 x^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} + 1 \cdot {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.18

Multiply ${(- h)}^{3}$ by $1$ .

$x^{3} - 3 x^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} + {(- h)}^{3}$

Step 4.19

Apply the product rule to $- h$ .

$x^{3} - 3 x^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3} h^{3}$

Step 4.20

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $3$ .

$x^{3} - 3 x^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} - h^{3}$