Precalculus Examples

$2 x^{6} - 3 x^{5} - 13 x^{4} + 29 x^{3} - 27 x^{2} + 32 x - 12$

Step 1

Factor $2 x^{6} - 3 x^{5} - 13 x^{4} + 29 x^{3} - 27 x^{2} + 32 x - 12$ using the rational roots test.

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Step 1.1

If a polynomial function has integer coefficients, then every rational zero will have the form $\frac{p}{q}$ where $p$ is a factor of the constant and $q$ is a factor of the leading coefficient.

$p = \pm 1, \pm 12, \pm 2, \pm 6, \pm 3, \pm 4$

$q = \pm 1, \pm 2$

Step 1.2

Find every combination of $\pm \frac{p}{q}$ . These are the possible roots of the polynomial function.

$\pm 1, \pm 0.5, \pm 12, \pm 6, \pm 2, \pm 3, \pm 1.5, \pm 4$

Step 1.3

Substitute $0.5$ and simplify the expression. In this case, the expression is equal to $0$ so $0.5$ is a root of the polynomial.

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Step 1.3.1

Substitute $0.5$ into the polynomial.

$2 \cdot {0.5}^{6} - 3 \cdot {0.5}^{5} - 13 \cdot {0.5}^{4} + 29 \cdot {0.5}^{3} - 27 \cdot {0.5}^{2} + 32 \cdot 0.5 - 12$

Step 1.3.2

Raise $0.5$ to the power of $6$ .

$2 \cdot 0.015625 - 3 \cdot {0.5}^{5} - 13 \cdot {0.5}^{4} + 29 \cdot {0.5}^{3} - 27 \cdot {0.5}^{2} + 32 \cdot 0.5 - 12$

Step 1.3.3

Multiply $2$ by $0.015625$ .

$0.03125 - 3 \cdot {0.5}^{5} - 13 \cdot {0.5}^{4} + 29 \cdot {0.5}^{3} - 27 \cdot {0.5}^{2} + 32 \cdot 0.5 - 12$

Step 1.3.4

Raise $0.5$ to the power of $5$ .

$0.03125 - 3 \cdot 0.03125 - 13 \cdot {0.5}^{4} + 29 \cdot {0.5}^{3} - 27 \cdot {0.5}^{2} + 32 \cdot 0.5 - 12$

Step 1.3.5

Multiply $- 3$ by $0.03125$ .

$0.03125 - 0.09375 - 13 \cdot {0.5}^{4} + 29 \cdot {0.5}^{3} - 27 \cdot {0.5}^{2} + 32 \cdot 0.5 - 12$

Step 1.3.6

Subtract $0.09375$ from $0.03125$ .

$- 0.0625 - 13 \cdot {0.5}^{4} + 29 \cdot {0.5}^{3} - 27 \cdot {0.5}^{2} + 32 \cdot 0.5 - 12$

Step 1.3.7

Raise $0.5$ to the power of $4$ .

$- 0.0625 - 13 \cdot 0.0625 + 29 \cdot {0.5}^{3} - 27 \cdot {0.5}^{2} + 32 \cdot 0.5 - 12$

Step 1.3.8

Multiply $- 13$ by $0.0625$ .

$- 0.0625 - 0.8125 + 29 \cdot {0.5}^{3} - 27 \cdot {0.5}^{2} + 32 \cdot 0.5 - 12$

Step 1.3.9

Subtract $0.8125$ from $- 0.0625$ .

$- 0.875 + 29 \cdot {0.5}^{3} - 27 \cdot {0.5}^{2} + 32 \cdot 0.5 - 12$

Step 1.3.10

Raise $0.5$ to the power of $3$ .

$- 0.875 + 29 \cdot 0.125 - 27 \cdot {0.5}^{2} + 32 \cdot 0.5 - 12$

Step 1.3.11

Multiply $29$ by $0.125$ .

$- 0.875 + 3.625 - 27 \cdot {0.5}^{2} + 32 \cdot 0.5 - 12$

Step 1.3.12

Add $- 0.875$ and $3.625$ .

$2.75 - 27 \cdot {0.5}^{2} + 32 \cdot 0.5 - 12$

Step 1.3.13

Raise $0.5$ to the power of $2$ .

$2.75 - 27 \cdot 0.25 + 32 \cdot 0.5 - 12$

Step 1.3.14

Multiply $- 27$ by $0.25$ .

$2.75 - 6.75 + 32 \cdot 0.5 - 12$

Step 1.3.15

Subtract $6.75$ from $2.75$ .

$- 4 + 32 \cdot 0.5 - 12$

Step 1.3.16

Multiply $32$ by $0.5$ .

$- 4 + 16 - 12$

Step 1.3.17

Add $- 4$ and $16$ .

$12 - 12$

Step 1.3.18

Subtract $12$ from $12$ .

$0$

Step 1.4

Since $0.5$ is a known root, divide the polynomial by $2 x - 1$ to find the quotient polynomial. This polynomial can then be used to find the remaining roots.

$\frac{2 x^{6} - 3 x^{5} - 13 x^{4} + 29 x^{3} - 27 x^{2} + 32 x - 12}{2 x - 1}$

Step 1.5

Divide $2 x^{6} - 3 x^{5} - 13 x^{4} + 29 x^{3} - 27 x^{2} + 32 x - 12$ by $2 x - 1$ .

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Step 1.5.1

Set up the polynomials to be divided. If there is not a term for every exponent, insert one with a value of $0$ .

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

Step 1.5.2

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $2 x^{6}$ by the highest order term in divisor $2 x$ .

					$x^{5}$
	$2 x$	-	$1$		$2 x^{6}$	-	$3 x^{5}$	-	$13 x^{4}$	+	$29 x^{3}$	-	$27 x^{2}$	+	$32 x$	-	$12$

Step 1.5.3

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

Step 1.5.4

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $2 x^{6} - x^{5}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

Step 1.5.5

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

Step 1.5.6

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

				$x^{5}$
$2 x$	-	$1$		$2 x^{6}$	-	$3 x^{5}$	-	$13 x^{4}$	+	$29 x^{3}$	-	$27 x^{2}$	+	$32 x$	-	$12$
			-	$2 x^{6}$	+	$x^{5}$
					-	$2 x^{5}$	-	$13 x^{4}$

Step 1.5.7

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- 2 x^{5}$ by the highest order term in divisor $2 x$ .

				$x^{5}$	-	$x^{4}$
$2 x$	-	$1$		$2 x^{6}$	-	$3 x^{5}$	-	$13 x^{4}$	+	$29 x^{3}$	-	$27 x^{2}$	+	$32 x$	-	$12$
			-	$2 x^{6}$	+	$x^{5}$
					-	$2 x^{5}$	-	$13 x^{4}$

Step 1.5.8

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

Step 1.5.9

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- 2 x^{5} + x^{4}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

Step 1.5.10

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

Step 1.5.11

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

Step 1.5.12

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- 14 x^{4}$ by the highest order term in divisor $2 x$ .

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

Step 1.5.13

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

Step 1.5.14

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- 14 x^{4} + 7 x^{3}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

Step 1.5.15

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$22 x^{3}$

Step 1.5.16

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$22 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

Step 1.5.17

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $22 x^{3}$ by the highest order term in divisor $2 x$ .

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$22 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

Step 1.5.18

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$22 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$22 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

Step 1.5.19

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $22 x^{3} - 11 x^{2}$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$22 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$22 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

Step 1.5.20

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$22 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$22 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$16 x^{2}$

Step 1.5.21

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$22 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$22 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$16 x^{2}$

$32 x$

Step 1.5.22

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- 16 x^{2}$ by the highest order term in divisor $2 x$ .

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$22 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$22 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$16 x^{2}$

$32 x$

Step 1.5.23

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$22 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$22 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$16 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$16 x^{2}$

$8 x$

Step 1.5.24

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- 16 x^{2} + 8 x$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$22 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$22 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$16 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$16 x^{2}$

$8 x$

Step 1.5.25

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$22 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$22 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$16 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$16 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$24 x$

Step 1.5.26

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$22 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$22 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$16 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$16 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$24 x$

$12$

Step 1.5.27

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $24 x$ by the highest order term in divisor $2 x$ .

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$12$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$22 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$22 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$16 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$16 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$24 x$

$12$

Step 1.5.28

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$12$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$22 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$22 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$16 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$16 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$24 x$

$12$

$24 x$

$12$

Step 1.5.29

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $24 x - 12$

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$12$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$22 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$22 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$16 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$16 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$24 x$

$12$

$24 x$

$12$

Step 1.5.30

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$12$

$2 x$

$1$

$2 x^{6}$

$3 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$12$

$2 x^{6}$

$x^{5}$

$2 x^{5}$

$13 x^{4}$

$2 x^{5}$

$x^{4}$

$14 x^{4}$

$29 x^{3}$

$14 x^{4}$

$7 x^{3}$

$22 x^{3}$

$27 x^{2}$

$22 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$16 x^{2}$

$32 x$

$16 x^{2}$

$8 x$

$24 x$

$12$

$24 x$

$12$

$0$

Step 1.5.31

Since the remander is $0$ , the final answer is the quotient.

$x^{5} - x^{4} - 7 x^{3} + 11 x^{2} - 8 x + 12$

Step 1.6

Write $2 x^{6} - 3 x^{5} - 13 x^{4} + 29 x^{3} - 27 x^{2} + 32 x - 12$ as a set of factors.

$(2 x - 1) (x^{5} - x^{4} - 7 x^{3} + 11 x^{2} - 8 x + 12)$

Step 2

Regroup terms.

$(2 x - 1) (x^{5} - x^{4} - 8 x - 7 x^{3} + 11 x^{2} + 12)$

Step 3

Factor $x$ out of $x^{5} - x^{4} - 8 x$ .

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Step 3.1

Factor $x$ out of $x^{5}$ .

$(2 x - 1) (x \cdot x^{4} - x^{4} - 8 x - 7 x^{3} + 11 x^{2} + 12)$

Step 3.2

Factor $x$ out of $- x^{4}$ .

$(2 x - 1) (x \cdot x^{4} + x (- x^{3}) - 8 x - 7 x^{3} + 11 x^{2} + 12)$

Step 3.3

Factor $x$ out of $- 8 x$ .

$(2 x - 1) (x \cdot x^{4} + x (- x^{3}) + x \cdot - 8 - 7 x^{3} + 11 x^{2} + 12)$

Step 3.4

Factor $x$ out of $x \cdot x^{4} + x (- x^{3})$ .

$(2 x - 1) (x (x^{4} - x^{3}) + x \cdot - 8 - 7 x^{3} + 11 x^{2} + 12)$

Step 3.5

Factor $x$ out of $x (x^{4} - x^{3}) + x \cdot - 8$ .

$(2 x - 1) (x (x^{4} - x^{3} - 8) - 7 x^{3} + 11 x^{2} + 12)$

Step 4

Factor.

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Step 4.1

Factor $x^{4} - x^{3} - 8$ using the rational roots test.

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Step 4.1.1

If a polynomial function has integer coefficients, then every rational zero will have the form $\frac{p}{q}$ where $p$ is a factor of the constant and $q$ is a factor of the leading coefficient.

$p = \pm 1, \pm 8, \pm 2, \pm 4$

$q = \pm 1$

Step 4.1.2

Find every combination of $\pm \frac{p}{q}$ . These are the possible roots of the polynomial function.

$\pm 1, \pm 8, \pm 2, \pm 4$

Step 4.1.3

Substitute $2$ and simplify the expression. In this case, the expression is equal to $0$ so $2$ is a root of the polynomial.

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Step 4.1.3.1

Substitute $2$ into the polynomial.

$2^{4} - 2^{3} - 8$

Step 4.1.3.2

Raise $2$ to the power of $4$ .

$16 - 2^{3} - 8$

Step 4.1.3.3

Raise $2$ to the power of $3$ .

$16 - 1 \cdot 8 - 8$

Step 4.1.3.4

Multiply $- 1$ by $8$ .

$16 - 8 - 8$

Step 4.1.3.5

Subtract $8$ from $16$ .

$8 - 8$

Step 4.1.3.6

Subtract $8$ from $8$ .

$0$

Step 4.1.4

Since $2$ is a known root, divide the polynomial by $x - 2$ to find the quotient polynomial. This polynomial can then be used to find the remaining roots.

$\frac{x^{4} - x^{3} - 8}{x - 2}$

Step 4.1.5

Divide $x^{4} - x^{3} - 8$ by $x - 2$ .

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Step 4.1.5.1

Set up the polynomials to be divided. If there is not a term for every exponent, insert one with a value of $0$ .

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

Step 4.1.5.2

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $x^{4}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{3}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

Step 4.1.5.3

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{3}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

Step 4.1.5.4

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $x^{4} - 2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

Step 4.1.5.5

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{3}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

Step 4.1.5.6

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{3}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

Step 4.1.5.7

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $x^{3}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

Step 4.1.5.8

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$2 x^{2}$

Step 4.1.5.9

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $x^{3} - 2 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$2 x^{2}$

Step 4.1.5.10

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$2 x^{2}$

Step 4.1.5.11

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

Step 4.1.5.12

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $2 x^{2}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

Step 4.1.5.13

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2 x^{2}$

$4 x$

Step 4.1.5.14

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $2 x^{2} - 4 x$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2 x^{2}$

$4 x$

Step 4.1.5.15

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2 x^{2}$

$4 x$

Step 4.1.5.16

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2 x^{2}$

$4 x$

$8$

Step 4.1.5.17

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $4 x$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

$4$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2 x^{2}$

$4 x$

$8$

Step 4.1.5.18

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

$4$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2 x^{2}$

$4 x$

$8$

$4 x$

$8$

Step 4.1.5.19

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $4 x - 8$

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

$4$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2 x^{2}$

$4 x$

$8$

$4 x$

$8$

Step 4.1.5.20

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

$x^{3}$

$x^{2}$

$2 x$

$4$

$x$

$2$

$x^{4}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$8$

$x^{4}$

$2 x^{3}$

$x^{3}$

$0 x^{2}$

$x^{3}$

$2 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$2 x^{2}$

$4 x$

$8$

$4 x$

$8$

$0$

Step 4.1.5.21

Since the remander is $0$ , the final answer is the quotient.

$x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 4$

Step 4.1.6

Write $x^{4} - x^{3} - 8$ as a set of factors.

$(2 x - 1) (x ((x - 2) (x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 4)) - 7 x^{3} + 11 x^{2} + 12)$

Step 4.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$(2 x - 1) (x (x - 2) (x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 4) - 7 x^{3} + 11 x^{2} + 12)$

Step 5

Factor $- 7 x^{3} + 11 x^{2} + 12$ using the rational roots test.

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Step 5.1

If a polynomial function has integer coefficients, then every rational zero will have the form $\frac{p}{q}$ where $p$ is a factor of the constant and $q$ is a factor of the leading coefficient.

$p = \pm 1, \pm 12, \pm 2, \pm 6, \pm 3, \pm 4$

$q = \pm 1, \pm 7$

Step 5.2

Find every combination of $\pm \frac{p}{q}$ . These are the possible roots of the polynomial function.

$\pm 1, \pm 0.\overline{142857}, \pm 12, \pm 1.\overline{714285}, \pm 2, \pm 0.\overline{285714}, \pm 6, \pm 0.\overline{857142}, \pm 3, \pm 0.\overline{428571}, \pm 4, \pm 0.\overline{571428}$

Step 5.3

Substitute $2$ and simplify the expression. In this case, the expression is equal to $0$ so $2$ is a root of the polynomial.

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Step 5.3.1

Substitute $2$ into the polynomial.

$- 7 \cdot 2^{3} + 11 \cdot 2^{2} + 12$

Step 5.3.2

Raise $2$ to the power of $3$ .

$- 7 \cdot 8 + 11 \cdot 2^{2} + 12$

Step 5.3.3

Multiply $- 7$ by $8$ .

$- 56 + 11 \cdot 2^{2} + 12$

Step 5.3.4

Raise $2$ to the power of $2$ .

$- 56 + 11 \cdot 4 + 12$

Step 5.3.5

Multiply $11$ by $4$ .

$- 56 + 44 + 12$

Step 5.3.6

Add $- 56$ and $44$ .

$- 12 + 12$

Step 5.3.7

Add $- 12$ and $12$ .

$0$

Step 5.4

Since $2$ is a known root, divide the polynomial by $x - 2$ to find the quotient polynomial. This polynomial can then be used to find the remaining roots.

$\frac{- 7 x^{3} + 11 x^{2} + 12}{x - 2}$

Step 5.5

Divide $- 7 x^{3} + 11 x^{2} + 12$ by $x - 2$ .

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Step 5.5.1

Set up the polynomials to be divided. If there is not a term for every exponent, insert one with a value of $0$ .

$x$

$2$

$7 x^{3}$

$11 x^{2}$

$0 x$

$12$

Step 5.5.2

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- 7 x^{3}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

				-	$7 x^{2}$
	$x$	-	$2$	-	$7 x^{3}$	+	$11 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$12$

Step 5.5.3

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

			-	$7 x^{2}$
$x$	-	$2$	-	$7 x^{3}$	+	$11 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$12$
			-	$7 x^{3}$	+	$14 x^{2}$

Step 5.5.4

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- 7 x^{3} + 14 x^{2}$

			-	$7 x^{2}$
$x$	-	$2$	-	$7 x^{3}$	+	$11 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$12$
			+	$7 x^{3}$	-	$14 x^{2}$

Step 5.5.5

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

			-	$7 x^{2}$
$x$	-	$2$	-	$7 x^{3}$	+	$11 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$12$
			+	$7 x^{3}$	-	$14 x^{2}$
					-	$3 x^{2}$

Step 5.5.6

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

			-	$7 x^{2}$
$x$	-	$2$	-	$7 x^{3}$	+	$11 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$12$
			+	$7 x^{3}$	-	$14 x^{2}$
					-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$

Step 5.5.7

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- 3 x^{2}$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

			-	$7 x^{2}$	-	$3 x$
$x$	-	$2$	-	$7 x^{3}$	+	$11 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$12$
			+	$7 x^{3}$	-	$14 x^{2}$
					-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$

Step 5.5.8

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

			-	$7 x^{2}$	-	$3 x$
$x$	-	$2$	-	$7 x^{3}$	+	$11 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$12$
			+	$7 x^{3}$	-	$14 x^{2}$
					-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$6 x$

Step 5.5.9

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- 3 x^{2} + 6 x$

			-	$7 x^{2}$	-	$3 x$
$x$	-	$2$	-	$7 x^{3}$	+	$11 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$12$
			+	$7 x^{3}$	-	$14 x^{2}$
					-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$3 x^{2}$	-	$6 x$

Step 5.5.10

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

			-	$7 x^{2}$	-	$3 x$
$x$	-	$2$	-	$7 x^{3}$	+	$11 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$12$
			+	$7 x^{3}$	-	$14 x^{2}$
					-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$3 x^{2}$	-	$6 x$
							-	$6 x$

Step 5.5.11

Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.

			-	$7 x^{2}$	-	$3 x$
$x$	-	$2$	-	$7 x^{3}$	+	$11 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$12$
			+	$7 x^{3}$	-	$14 x^{2}$
					-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$3 x^{2}$	-	$6 x$
							-	$6 x$	+	$12$

Step 5.5.12

Divide the highest order term in the dividend $- 6 x$ by the highest order term in divisor $x$ .

			-	$7 x^{2}$	-	$3 x$	-	$6$
$x$	-	$2$	-	$7 x^{3}$	+	$11 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$12$
			+	$7 x^{3}$	-	$14 x^{2}$
					-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$3 x^{2}$	-	$6 x$
							-	$6 x$	+	$12$

Step 5.5.13

Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.

			-	$7 x^{2}$	-	$3 x$	-	$6$
$x$	-	$2$	-	$7 x^{3}$	+	$11 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$12$
			+	$7 x^{3}$	-	$14 x^{2}$
					-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$3 x^{2}$	-	$6 x$
							-	$6 x$	+	$12$
							-	$6 x$	+	$12$

Step 5.5.14

The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in $- 6 x + 12$

			-	$7 x^{2}$	-	$3 x$	-	$6$
$x$	-	$2$	-	$7 x^{3}$	+	$11 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$12$
			+	$7 x^{3}$	-	$14 x^{2}$
					-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$3 x^{2}$	-	$6 x$
							-	$6 x$	+	$12$
							+	$6 x$	-	$12$

Step 5.5.15

After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.

			-	$7 x^{2}$	-	$3 x$	-	$6$
$x$	-	$2$	-	$7 x^{3}$	+	$11 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$	+	$12$
			+	$7 x^{3}$	-	$14 x^{2}$
					-	$3 x^{2}$	+	$0 x$
					+	$3 x^{2}$	-	$6 x$
							-	$6 x$	+	$12$
							+	$6 x$	-	$12$
										$0$

Step 5.5.16

Since the remander is $0$ , the final answer is the quotient.

$- 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6$

Step 5.6

Write $- 7 x^{3} + 11 x^{2} + 12$ as a set of factors.

$(2 x - 1) (x (x - 2) (x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 4) + (x - 2) (- 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6))$

Step 6

Factor $x - 2$ out of $x (x - 2) (x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 4) + (x - 2) (- 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6)$ .

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Step 6.1

Factor $x - 2$ out of $x (x - 2) (x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 4)$ .

$(2 x - 1) ((x - 2) (x (x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 4)) + (x - 2) (- 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6))$

Step 6.2

Factor $x - 2$ out of $(x - 2) (x (x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 4)) + (x - 2) (- 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6)$ .

$(2 x - 1) ((x - 2) (x (x^{3} + x^{2} + 2 x + 4) - 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6))$

Step 7

Apply the distributive property.

$(2 x - 1) ((x - 2) (x \cdot x^{3} + x \cdot x^{2} + x (2 x) + x \cdot 4 - 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6))$

Step 8

Simplify.

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Step 8.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 8.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ .

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Step 8.1.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$(2 x - 1) ((x - 2) (x^{1} x^{3} + x \cdot x^{2} + x (2 x) + x \cdot 4 - 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6))$

Step 8.1.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$(2 x - 1) ((x - 2) (x^{1 + 3} + x \cdot x^{2} + x (2 x) + x \cdot 4 - 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6))$

Step 8.1.2

Add $1$ and $3$ .

$(2 x - 1) ((x - 2) (x^{4} + x \cdot x^{2} + x (2 x) + x \cdot 4 - 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6))$

Step 8.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 8.2.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 8.2.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$(2 x - 1) ((x - 2) (x^{4} + x^{1} x^{2} + x (2 x) + x \cdot 4 - 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6))$

Step 8.2.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$(2 x - 1) ((x - 2) (x^{4} + x^{1 + 2} + x (2 x) + x \cdot 4 - 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6))$

Step 8.2.2

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$(2 x - 1) ((x - 2) (x^{4} + x^{3} + x (2 x) + x \cdot 4 - 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6))$

Step 8.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$(2 x - 1) ((x - 2) (x^{4} + x^{3} + 2 x \cdot x + x \cdot 4 - 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6))$

Step 8.4

Move $4$ to the left of $x$ .

$(2 x - 1) ((x - 2) (x^{4} + x^{3} + 2 x \cdot x + 4 \cdot x - 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6))$

Step 9

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 9.1

Move $x$ .

$(2 x - 1) ((x - 2) (x^{4} + x^{3} + 2 (x \cdot x) + 4 \cdot x - 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6))$

Step 9.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$(2 x - 1) ((x - 2) (x^{4} + x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 4 \cdot x - 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6))$

$(2 x - 1) ((x - 2) (x^{4} + x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 4 x - 7 x^{2} - 3 x - 6))$

Step 10

Subtract $7 x^{2}$ from $2 x^{2}$ .

$(2 x - 1) ((x - 2) (x^{4} + x^{3} - 5 x^{2} + 4 x - 3 x - 6))$

Step 11

Subtract $3 x$ from $4 x$ .

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Step 11.1

Subtract $3 x$ from $4 x$ .

$(2 x - 1) ((x - 2) (x^{4} + x^{3} - 5 x^{2} + x - 6))$

Step 11.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$(2 x - 1) (x - 2) (x^{4} + x^{3} - 5 x^{2} + x - 6)$