Precalculus Examples

$\frac{1}{1 + \log_{c} (a b)} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{a} (b c)} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{b} (c a)}$

Step 1

Rewrite $\log_{c} (a b)$ as $\log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)$ .

$\frac{1}{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{a} (b c)} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{b} (c a)}$

Step 2

Rewrite $\log_{a} (b c)$ as $\log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)$ .

$\frac{1}{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{b} (c a)}$

Step 3

Rewrite $\log_{b} (c a)$ as $\log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)$ .

$\frac{1}{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)}$

Step 4

To write $\frac{1}{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)}{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)}$ .

$\frac{1}{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)} \cdot \frac{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)}{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)}$

Step 5

To write $\frac{1}{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)}{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)}$ .

$\frac{1}{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)} \cdot \frac{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)}{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)} \cdot \frac{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)}{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)}$

Step 6

Write each expression with a common denominator of $(1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)) (1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c))$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 6.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)}$ by $\frac{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)}{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)}$ .

$\frac{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)}{(1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)) (1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c))} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)} \cdot \frac{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)}{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)}$

Step 6.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)}$ by $\frac{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)}{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)}$ .

$\frac{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)}{(1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)) (1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c))} + \frac{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)}$

Step 6.3

Reorder the factors of $(1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)) (1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c))$ .

$\frac{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))} + \frac{1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)}$

Step 7

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c) + 1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)}$

Step 8

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{2 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)}$

Step 9

To write $\frac{2 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)}{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)}$ .

Step 10

To write $\frac{1}{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$ .

$\frac{2 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))} \cdot \frac{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)}{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)} \cdot \frac{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 11

Write each expression with a common denominator of $(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a))$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 11.1

Multiply $\frac{2 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$ by $\frac{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)}{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)}$ .

$\frac{(2 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a))}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a))} + \frac{1}{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)} \cdot \frac{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 11.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)}$ by $\frac{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$ .

$\frac{(2 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a))}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a))} + \frac{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}{(1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) ((1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)))}$

Step 11.3

Reorder the factors of $(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a))$ .

$\frac{(2 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a))}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))} + \frac{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}{(1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) ((1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)))}$

Step 11.4

Reorder the factors of $(1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) ((1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)))$ .

$\frac{(2 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a))}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))} + \frac{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 12

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{(2 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) + (1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 13.1

Expand $(2 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a))$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$\frac{2 \cdot 1 + 2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \cdot 1 + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \cdot 1 + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \cdot 1 + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) \cdot 1 + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + (1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 13.2.1

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 + 2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \cdot 1 + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \cdot 1 + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \cdot 1 + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) \cdot 1 + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + (1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13.2.2

Multiply $\log_{a} (b)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 + 2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \cdot 1 + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \cdot 1 + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) \cdot 1 + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + (1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13.2.3

Multiply $\log_{a} (c)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 + 2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \cdot 1 + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) \cdot 1 + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + (1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13.2.4

Multiply $\log_{c} (a)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 + 2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) \cdot 1 + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + (1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13.2.5

Multiply $\log_{c} (b)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 + 2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + (1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13.3

Expand $(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$\frac{2 + 2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 \log_{c} (a) + 1 \log_{c} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \cdot 1 + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (b) + \log_{a} (c) \cdot 1 + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13.4

Simplify each term.

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Step 13.4.1

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 + 2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + 1 + 1 \log_{c} (a) + 1 \log_{c} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \cdot 1 + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (b) + \log_{a} (c) \cdot 1 + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13.4.2

Multiply $\log_{c} (a)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 + 2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + 1 + \log_{c} (a) + 1 \log_{c} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \cdot 1 + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (b) + \log_{a} (c) \cdot 1 + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13.4.3

Multiply $\log_{c} (b)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 + 2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + 1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \cdot 1 + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (b) + \log_{a} (c) \cdot 1 + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13.4.4

Multiply $\log_{a} (b)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 + 2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + 1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (b) + \log_{a} (c) \cdot 1 + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13.4.5

Multiply $\log_{a} (c)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 + 2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + 1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (b) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13.5

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + 3 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (b) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13.6

Add $\log_{a} (b)$ and $\log_{a} (b)$ .

$\frac{2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + 3 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + 2 \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (b) + \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13.7

Add $\log_{a} (c)$ and $\log_{a} (c)$ .

$\frac{2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + 3 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + 2 \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (b) + 2 \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13.8

Add $\log_{c} (a)$ and $\log_{c} (a)$ .

$\frac{2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + 3 + 2 \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b) + 2 \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (b) + 2 \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$

Step 13.9

Add $\log_{c} (b)$ and $\log_{c} (b)$ .

$\frac{2 \log_{b} (c) + 2 \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (a) \log_{b} (a) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (c) + \log_{c} (b) \log_{b} (a) + 3 + 2 \log_{c} (a) + 2 \log_{c} (b) + 2 \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (b) \log_{c} (b) + 2 \log_{a} (c) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (a) + \log_{a} (c) \log_{c} (b)}{(1 + \log_{a} (b) + \log_{a} (c)) (1 + \log_{b} (c) + \log_{b} (a)) (1 + \log_{c} (a) + \log_{c} (b))}$