Precalculus Examples

$\cos^{2} (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin^{2} (\frac{x}{2})$

Step 1

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = \cos (\frac{x}{2})$ and $b = \sin (\frac{x}{2})$ .

$(\cos (\frac{x}{2}) + \sin (\frac{x}{2})) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2

Simplify terms.

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Step 2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.1.1

Apply the cosine half-angle identity $\cos (\frac{x}{2}) = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2}}$ .

$(\pm \sqrt{\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2}} + \sin (\frac{x}{2})) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.2

Rewrite $\sqrt{\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2}}$ as $\frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}} + \sin (\frac{x}{2})) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.3

Multiply $\frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}} + \sin (\frac{x}{2})) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.4

Combine and simplify the denominator.

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Step 2.1.4.1

Multiply $\frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2} \sqrt{2}} + \sin (\frac{x}{2})) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.4.2

Raise $\sqrt{2}$ to the power of $1$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{{\sqrt{2}}^{1} \sqrt{2}} + \sin (\frac{x}{2})) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.4.3

Raise $\sqrt{2}$ to the power of $1$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{{\sqrt{2}}^{1} {\sqrt{2}}^{1}} + \sin (\frac{x}{2})) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.4.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{{\sqrt{2}}^{1 + 1}} + \sin (\frac{x}{2})) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.4.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{{\sqrt{2}}^{2}} + \sin (\frac{x}{2})) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.4.6

Rewrite ${\sqrt{2}}^{2}$ as $2$ .

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Step 2.1.4.6.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{2}$ as $2^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{{(2^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}} + \sin (\frac{x}{2})) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.4.6.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}} + \sin (\frac{x}{2})) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.4.6.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2^{\frac{2}{2}}} + \sin (\frac{x}{2})) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.4.6.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.1.4.6.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2^{\frac{2}{2}}} + \sin (\frac{x}{2})) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.4.6.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2^{1}} + \sin (\frac{x}{2})) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.4.6.5

Evaluate the exponent.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2} + \sin (\frac{x}{2})) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.5

Combine using the product rule for radicals.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} + \sin (\frac{x}{2})) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.6

Apply the sine half-angle identity.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos (x)}{2}}) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.7

Rewrite $\sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos (x)}{2}}$ as $\frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}}) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.8

Multiply $\frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}}) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.9

Combine and simplify the denominator.

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Step 2.1.9.1

Multiply $\frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2} \sqrt{2}}) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.9.2

Raise $\sqrt{2}$ to the power of $1$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{{\sqrt{2}}^{1} \sqrt{2}}) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.9.3

Raise $\sqrt{2}$ to the power of $1$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{{\sqrt{2}}^{1} {\sqrt{2}}^{1}}) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.9.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{{\sqrt{2}}^{1 + 1}}) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.9.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{{\sqrt{2}}^{2}}) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.9.6

Rewrite ${\sqrt{2}}^{2}$ as $2$ .

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Step 2.1.9.6.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{2}$ as $2^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{{(2^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.9.6.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}}) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.9.6.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2^{\frac{2}{2}}}) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.9.6.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.1.9.6.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2^{\frac{2}{2}}}) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.9.6.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2^{1}}) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.9.6.5

Evaluate the exponent.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2}) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.1.10

Combine using the product rule for radicals.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\cos (\frac{x}{2}) - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.2.1

Apply the cosine half-angle identity $\cos (\frac{x}{2}) = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2}}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \sqrt{\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2}} - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.2.2

Rewrite $\sqrt{\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2}}$ as $\frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}} - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.2.3

Multiply $\frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}} - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.2.4

Combine and simplify the denominator.

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Step 2.2.4.1

Multiply $\frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2} \sqrt{2}} - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.2.4.2

Raise $\sqrt{2}$ to the power of $1$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{{\sqrt{2}}^{1} \sqrt{2}} - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.2.4.3

Raise $\sqrt{2}$ to the power of $1$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{{\sqrt{2}}^{1} {\sqrt{2}}^{1}} - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.2.4.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{{\sqrt{2}}^{1 + 1}} - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.2.4.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{{\sqrt{2}}^{2}} - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.2.4.6

Rewrite ${\sqrt{2}}^{2}$ as $2$ .

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Step 2.2.4.6.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{2}$ as $2^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{{(2^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}} - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.2.4.6.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}} - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.2.4.6.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2^{\frac{2}{2}}} - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.2.4.6.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.2.4.6.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2^{\frac{2}{2}}} - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.2.4.6.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2^{1}} - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.2.4.6.5

Evaluate the exponent.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 + \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2} - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.2.5

Combine using the product rule for radicals.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} - \sin (\frac{x}{2}))$

Step 2.2.6

Apply the sine half-angle identity.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} - (\pm \sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos (x)}{2}}))$

Step 2.2.7

Rewrite $\sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos (x)}{2}}$ as $\frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} - (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}}))$

Step 2.2.8

Multiply $\frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} - (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}}))$

Step 2.2.9

Combine and simplify the denominator.

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Step 2.2.9.1

Multiply $\frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)}}{\sqrt{2}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}}$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} - (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2} \sqrt{2}}))$

Step 2.2.9.2

Raise $\sqrt{2}$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 2.2.9.3

Raise $\sqrt{2}$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 2.2.9.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

Step 2.2.9.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} - (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{{\sqrt{2}}^{2}}))$

Step 2.2.9.6

Rewrite ${\sqrt{2}}^{2}$ as $2$ .

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Step 2.2.9.6.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{2}$ as $2^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

Step 2.2.9.6.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

Step 2.2.9.6.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} - (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2^{\frac{2}{2}}}))$

Step 2.2.9.6.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.2.9.6.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} - (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2^{\frac{2}{2}}}))$

Step 2.2.9.6.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} - (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2^{1}}))$

Step 2.2.9.6.5

Evaluate the exponent.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} - (\pm \frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos (x)} \sqrt{2}}{2}))$

Step 2.2.10

Combine using the product rule for radicals.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} - (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 3

Expand $(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} - (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 3.1

Apply the distributive property.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} - (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})) + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} - (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 3.2

Apply the distributive property.

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})) + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2} - (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 3.3

Apply the distributive property.

Step 4

Simplify terms.

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Step 4.1

Combine the opposite terms in $(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})) + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$ .

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Step 4.1.1

Reorder the factors in the terms $(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$ and $(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) - (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.1.2

Add $- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})$ and $(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) + 0 + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.1.3

Add $(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})$ and $0$ .

$(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.2.1

Multiply $(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})$ .

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Step 4.2.1.1

Raise $\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}$ to the power of $1$ .

${(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})}^{1} (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.1.2

Raise $\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}$ to the power of $1$ .

${(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})}^{1} {(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})}^{1} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.1.3

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

${(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})}^{1 + 1} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.1.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

${(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})}^{2} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.2

Remove the plus-minus sign on $\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}$ because it is raised to an even power.

${(\frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})}^{2} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.3

Apply the product rule to $\frac{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}$ .

$\frac{{\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}^{2}}{2^{2}} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.2.4.1

Rewrite ${\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}^{2}$ as $(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2$ .

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Step 4.2.4.1.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}$ as ${((1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{{({((1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}{2^{2}} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.4.1.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{{((1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2)}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}}{2^{2}} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.4.1.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$\frac{{((1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2)}^{\frac{2}{2}}}{2^{2}} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.4.1.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 4.2.4.1.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{{((1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2)}^{\frac{2}{2}}}{2^{2}} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.4.1.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{{((1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2)}^{1}}{2^{2}} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.4.1.5

Simplify.

$\frac{(1 + \cos (x)) \cdot 2}{2^{2}} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.4.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1 \cdot 2 + \cos (x) \cdot 2}{2^{2}} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.4.3

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 + \cos (x) \cdot 2}{2^{2}} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.4.4

Move $2$ to the left of $\cos (x)$ .

$\frac{2 + 2 \cdot \cos (x)}{2^{2}} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.4.5

Factor $2$ out of $2 + 2 \cos (x)$ .

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Step 4.2.4.5.1

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$\frac{2 \cdot 1 + 2 \cos (x)}{2^{2}} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.4.5.2

Factor $2$ out of $2 \cdot 1 + 2 \cos (x)$ .

$\frac{2 (1 + \cos (x))}{2^{2}} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.5

Raise $2$ to the power of $2$ .

$\frac{2 (1 + \cos (x))}{4} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.6

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 4.2.6.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{2 (1 + \cos (x))}{2 \cdot 2} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.6.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 (1 + \cos (x))}{2 \cdot 2} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.6.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} + (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.7

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})$

Step 4.2.8

Multiply $- (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}) (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})$ .

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Step 4.2.8.1

Raise $\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - ({(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})}^{1} (\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}))$

Step 4.2.8.2

Raise $\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - ({(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})}^{1} {(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})}^{1})$

Step 4.2.8.3

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - {(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})}^{1 + 1}$

Step 4.2.8.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - {(\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})}^{2}$

Step 4.2.9

Remove the plus-minus sign on $\pm \frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}$ because it is raised to an even power.

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - {(\frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2})}^{2}$

Step 4.2.10

Apply the product rule to $\frac{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}{2}$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{{\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}^{2}}{2^{2}}$

Step 4.2.11

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.2.11.1

Rewrite ${\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}}^{2}$ as $(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2$ .

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Step 4.2.11.1.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}$ as ${((1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{{({((1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}{2^{2}}$

Step 4.2.11.1.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{{((1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2)}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}}{2^{2}}$

Step 4.2.11.1.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{{((1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2)}^{\frac{2}{2}}}{2^{2}}$

Step 4.2.11.1.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 4.2.11.1.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{{((1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2)}^{\frac{2}{2}}}{2^{2}}$

Step 4.2.11.1.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{{((1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2)}^{1}}{2^{2}}$

Step 4.2.11.1.5

Simplify.

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{(1 - \cos (x)) \cdot 2}{2^{2}}$

Step 4.2.11.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{1 \cdot 2 - \cos (x) \cdot 2}{2^{2}}$

Step 4.2.11.3

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{2 - \cos (x) \cdot 2}{2^{2}}$

Step 4.2.11.4

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{2 - 2 \cos (x)}{2^{2}}$

Step 4.2.11.5

Factor $2$ out of $2 - 2 \cos (x)$ .

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Step 4.2.11.5.1

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{2 (1) - 2 \cos (x)}{2^{2}}$

Step 4.2.11.5.2

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 \cos (x)$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{2 (1) + 2 (- \cos (x))}{2^{2}}$

Step 4.2.11.5.3

Factor $2$ out of $2 (1) + 2 (- \cos (x))$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{2 (1 - \cos (x))}{2^{2}}$

Step 4.2.12

Raise $2$ to the power of $2$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{2 (1 - \cos (x))}{4}$

Step 4.2.13

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 4.2.13.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{2 (1 - \cos (x))}{2 \cdot 2}$

Step 4.2.13.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{2 (1 - \cos (x))}{2 \cdot 2}$

Step 4.2.13.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1 + \cos (x)}{2} - \frac{1 - \cos (x)}{2}$

Step 4.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1 + \cos (x) - (1 - \cos (x))}{2}$

Step 4.4

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.4.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1 + \cos (x) - 1 \cdot 1 - - \cos (x)}{2}$

Step 4.4.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x) - 1 - - \cos (x)}{2}$

Step 4.4.3

Multiply $- - \cos (x)$ .

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Step 4.4.3.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x) - 1 + 1 \cos (x)}{2}$

Step 4.4.3.2

Multiply $\cos (x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1 + \cos (x) - 1 + \cos (x)}{2}$

Step 4.5

Simplify terms.

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Step 4.5.1

Combine the opposite terms in $1 + \cos (x) - 1 + \cos (x)$ .

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Step 4.5.1.1

Subtract $1$ from $1$ .

$\frac{0 + \cos (x) + \cos (x)}{2}$

Step 4.5.1.2

Add $0$ and $\cos (x)$ .

$\frac{\cos (x) + \cos (x)}{2}$

Step 4.5.2

Add $\cos (x)$ and $\cos (x)$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (x)}{2}$

Step 4.5.3

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 4.5.3.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 \cos (x)}{2}$

Step 4.5.3.2

Divide $\cos (x)$ by $1$ .

$\cos (x)$