Precalculus Examples

${(\sqrt{3} - i)}^{5}$

Step 1

Use the Binomial Theorem.

${\sqrt{3}}^{5} + 5 {\sqrt{3}}^{4} (- i) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2

Simplify terms.

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Step 2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.1.1

Rewrite ${\sqrt{3}}^{5}$ as $\sqrt{3^{5}}$ .

$\sqrt{3^{5}} + 5 {\sqrt{3}}^{4} (- i) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.2

Raise $3$ to the power of $5$ .

$\sqrt{243} + 5 {\sqrt{3}}^{4} (- i) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.3

Rewrite $243$ as $9^{2} \cdot 3$ .

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Step 2.1.3.1

Factor $81$ out of $243$ .

$\sqrt{81 (3)} + 5 {\sqrt{3}}^{4} (- i) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.3.2

Rewrite $81$ as $9^{2}$ .

$\sqrt{9^{2} \cdot 3} + 5 {\sqrt{3}}^{4} (- i) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.4

Pull terms out from under the radical.

$9 \sqrt{3} + 5 {\sqrt{3}}^{4} (- i) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.5

Rewrite ${\sqrt{3}}^{4}$ as $3^{2}$ .

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Step 2.1.5.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{3}$ as $3^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} + 5 {(3^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4} (- i) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.5.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} + 5 \cdot 3^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 4} (- i) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.5.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $4$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} + 5 \cdot 3^{\frac{4}{2}} (- i) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.5.4

Cancel the common factor of $4$ and $2$ .

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Step 2.1.5.4.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} + 5 \cdot 3^{\frac{2 \cdot 2}{2}} (- i) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.5.4.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 2.1.5.4.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} + 5 \cdot 3^{\frac{2 \cdot 2}{2 (1)}} (- i) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.5.4.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$9 \sqrt{3} + 5 \cdot 3^{\frac{2 \cdot 2}{2 \cdot 1}} (- i) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.5.4.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$9 \sqrt{3} + 5 \cdot 3^{\frac{2}{1}} (- i) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.5.4.2.4

Divide $2$ by $1$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} + 5 \cdot 3^{2} (- i) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.6

Raise $3$ to the power of $2$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} + 5 \cdot 9 (- i) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.7

Multiply $5$ by $9$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} + 45 (- i) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.8

Multiply $- 1$ by $45$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.9

Rewrite ${\sqrt{3}}^{3}$ as $\sqrt{3^{3}}$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i + 10 \sqrt{3^{3}} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.10

Raise $3$ to the power of $3$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i + 10 \sqrt{27} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.11

Rewrite $27$ as $3^{2} \cdot 3$ .

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Step 2.1.11.1

Factor $9$ out of $27$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i + 10 \sqrt{9 (3)} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.11.2

Rewrite $9$ as $3^{2}$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i + 10 \sqrt{3^{2} \cdot 3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.12

Pull terms out from under the radical.

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i + 10 (3 \sqrt{3}) {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.13

Multiply $3$ by $10$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i + 30 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.14

Apply the product rule to $- i$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i + 30 \sqrt{3} ({(- 1)}^{2} i^{2}) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.15

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $2$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i + 30 \sqrt{3} (1 i^{2}) + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.16

Multiply $i^{2}$ by $1$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i + 30 \sqrt{3} i^{2} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.17

Rewrite $i^{2}$ as $- 1$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i + 30 \sqrt{3} \cdot - 1 + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.18

Multiply $- 1$ by $30$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 10 {\sqrt{3}}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.19

Rewrite ${\sqrt{3}}^{2}$ as $3$ .

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Step 2.1.19.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{3}$ as $3^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 10 {(3^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.19.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 10 \cdot 3^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.19.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 10 \cdot 3^{\frac{2}{2}} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.19.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.1.19.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 10 \cdot 3^{\frac{2}{2}} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.19.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 10 \cdot 3^{1} {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.19.5

Evaluate the exponent.

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 10 \cdot 3 {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.20

Multiply $10$ by $3$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 {(- i)}^{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.21

Apply the product rule to $- i$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 ({(- 1)}^{3} i^{3}) + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.22

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $3$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 (- i^{3}) + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.23

Factor out $i^{2}$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 (- (i^{2} \cdot i)) + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.24

Rewrite $i^{2}$ as $- 1$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 (- (- 1 \cdot i)) + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.25

Rewrite $- 1 i$ as $- i$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 (- - i) + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.26

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 (1 i) + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.27

Multiply $i$ by $1$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 i + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- i)}^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.28

Apply the product rule to $- i$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 i + 5 \sqrt{3} ({(- 1)}^{4} i^{4}) + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.29

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $4$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 i + 5 \sqrt{3} (1 i^{4}) + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.30

Multiply $i^{4}$ by $1$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 i + 5 \sqrt{3} i^{4} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.31

Rewrite $i^{4}$ as $1$ .

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Step 2.1.31.1

Rewrite $i^{4}$ as ${(i^{2})}^{2}$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 i + 5 \sqrt{3} {(i^{2})}^{2} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.31.2

Rewrite $i^{2}$ as $- 1$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 i + 5 \sqrt{3} {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.31.3

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $2$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 i + 5 \sqrt{3} \cdot 1 + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.32

Multiply $5$ by $1$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 i + 5 \sqrt{3} + {(- i)}^{5}$

Step 2.1.33

Apply the product rule to $- i$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 i + 5 \sqrt{3} + {(- 1)}^{5} i^{5}$

Step 2.1.34

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $5$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 i + 5 \sqrt{3} - i^{5}$

Step 2.1.35

Factor out $i^{4}$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 i + 5 \sqrt{3} - (i^{4} i)$

Step 2.1.36

Rewrite $i^{4}$ as $1$ .

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Step 2.1.36.1

Rewrite $i^{4}$ as ${(i^{2})}^{2}$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 i + 5 \sqrt{3} - ({(i^{2})}^{2} i)$

Step 2.1.36.2

Rewrite $i^{2}$ as $- 1$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 i + 5 \sqrt{3} - ({(- 1)}^{2} i)$

Step 2.1.36.3

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $2$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 i + 5 \sqrt{3} - (1 i)$

Step 2.1.37

Multiply $i$ by $1$ .

$9 \sqrt{3} - 45 i - 30 \sqrt{3} + 30 i + 5 \sqrt{3} - i$

Step 2.2

Simplify by adding terms.

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Step 2.2.1

Subtract $30 \sqrt{3}$ from $9 \sqrt{3}$ .

$- 45 i - 21 \sqrt{3} + 30 i + 5 \sqrt{3} - i$

Step 2.2.2

Add $- 45 i$ and $30 i$ .

$- 15 i - 21 \sqrt{3} + 5 \sqrt{3} - i$

Step 2.2.3

Subtract $i$ from $- 15 i$ .

$- 16 i - 21 \sqrt{3} + 5 \sqrt{3}$

Step 2.2.4

Add $- 21 \sqrt{3}$ and $5 \sqrt{3}$ .

$- 16 i - 16 \sqrt{3}$

Step 2.2.5

Reorder $- 16 i$ and $- 16 \sqrt{3}$ .

$- 16 \sqrt{3} - 16 i$