Precalculus Examples

$\frac{x^{2}}{{(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 1

Decompose the fraction and multiply through by the common denominator.

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Step 1.1

For each factor in the denominator, create a new fraction using the factor as the denominator, and an unknown value as the numerator. Since the factor in the denominator is linear, put a single variable in its place $A$ .

$\frac{A}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 1.2

$\frac{A}{{(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{B}{x - 1}$

Step 1.3

$\frac{A}{{(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{B}{x - 1} + \frac{C}{{(x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4

$\frac{A}{{(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{B}{x - 1} + \frac{C}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{D}{x + 1}$

Step 1.5

Multiply each fraction in the equation by the denominator of the original expression. In this case, the denominator is ${(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}} = \frac{(A) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.6

Cancel the common factor of ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ .

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Step 1.6.1

Cancel the common factor.

Step 1.6.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{x^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} = \frac{(A) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.7

Cancel the common factor of ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ .

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Step 1.7.1

Cancel the common factor.

Step 1.7.2

Divide $x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = \frac{(A) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.8.1

Cancel the common factor of ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ .

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Step 1.8.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$x^{2} = \frac{A {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.1.2

Divide $(A) {(x + 1)}^{2}$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = (A) {(x + 1)}^{2} + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.2

Rewrite ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ as $(x + 1) (x + 1)$ .

$x^{2} = A ((x + 1) (x + 1)) + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.3

Expand $(x + 1) (x + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 1.8.3.1

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A (x (x + 1) + 1 (x + 1)) + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.3.2

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A (x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 + 1 (x + 1)) + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.3.3

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A (x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1) + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.4

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 1.8.4.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.8.4.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{2} = A (x^{2} + x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1) + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.4.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A (x^{2} + x + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1) + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.4.1.3

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A (x^{2} + x + x + 1 \cdot 1) + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.4.1.4

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A (x^{2} + x + x + 1) + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.4.2

Add $x$ and $x$ .

$x^{2} = A (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.5

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + A (2 x) + A \cdot 1 + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.6

Simplify.

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Step 1.8.6.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A \cdot 1 + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.6.2

Multiply $A$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + \frac{(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.7

Cancel the common factor of ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ and $x - 1$ .

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Step 1.8.7.1

Factor $x - 1$ out of $(B) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + \frac{(x - 1) (B (x - 1) {(x + 1)}^{2})}{x - 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.7.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 1.8.7.2.1

Multiply by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + \frac{(x - 1) (B (x - 1) {(x + 1)}^{2})}{(x - 1) \cdot 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.7.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + \frac{(x - 1) (B (x - 1) {(x + 1)}^{2})}{(x - 1) \cdot 1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.7.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + \frac{B (x - 1) {(x + 1)}^{2}}{1} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.7.2.4

Divide $B (x - 1) {(x + 1)}^{2}$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B (x - 1) {(x + 1)}^{2} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.8

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + (B x + B \cdot - 1) {(x + 1)}^{2} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.9

Move $- 1$ to the left of $B$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + (B x - 1 \cdot B) {(x + 1)}^{2} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.10

Rewrite $- 1 B$ as $- B$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + (B x - B) {(x + 1)}^{2} + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.11

Rewrite ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ as $(x + 1) (x + 1)$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + (B x - B) ((x + 1) (x + 1)) + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.12

Expand $(x + 1) (x + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 1.8.12.1

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + (B x - B) (x (x + 1) + 1 (x + 1)) + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.12.2

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + (B x - B) (x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 + 1 (x + 1)) + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.12.3

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + (B x - B) (x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1) + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.13

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 1.8.13.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.8.13.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + (B x - B) (x^{2} + x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1) + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.13.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + (B x - B) (x^{2} + x + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1) + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.13.1.3

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + (B x - B) (x^{2} + x + x + 1 \cdot 1) + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.13.1.4

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + (B x - B) (x^{2} + x + x + 1) + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.13.2

Add $x$ and $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + (B x - B) (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.14

Expand $(B x - B) (x^{2} + 2 x + 1)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x \cdot x^{2} + B x (2 x) + B x \cdot 1 - B x^{2} - B (2 x) - B \cdot 1 + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.15

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.8.15.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.8.15.1.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B (x^{2} x) + B x (2 x) + B x \cdot 1 - B x^{2} - B (2 x) - B \cdot 1 + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.15.1.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

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Step 1.8.15.1.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 1.8.15.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{2 + 1} + B x (2 x) + B x \cdot 1 - B x^{2} - B (2 x) - B \cdot 1 + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.15.1.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x (2 x) + B x \cdot 1 - B x^{2} - B (2 x) - B \cdot 1 + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.15.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + 2 B x \cdot x + B x \cdot 1 - B x^{2} - B (2 x) - B \cdot 1 + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.15.3

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.8.15.3.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + 2 B (x \cdot x) + B x \cdot 1 - B x^{2} - B (2 x) - B \cdot 1 + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.15.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + 2 B x^{2} + B x \cdot 1 - B x^{2} - B (2 x) - B \cdot 1 + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.15.4

Multiply $B$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + 2 B x^{2} + B x - B x^{2} - B (2 x) - B \cdot 1 + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.15.5

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + 2 B x^{2} + B x - B x^{2} - 1 \cdot (2 B x) - B \cdot 1 + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.15.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + 2 B x^{2} + B x - B x^{2} - 2 B x - B \cdot 1 + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.15.7

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + 2 B x^{2} + B x - B x^{2} - 2 B x - B + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.16

Subtract $B x^{2}$ from $2 B x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + 1 B x^{2} + B x - 2 B x - B + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.17

Multiply $B$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} + B x - 2 B x - B + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.18

Subtract $2 B x$ from $B x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.19

Cancel the common factor of ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ .

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Step 1.8.19.1

Cancel the common factor.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + \frac{(C) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.19.2

Divide $(C) {(x - 1)}^{2}$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + (C) {(x - 1)}^{2} + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.20

Rewrite ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ as $(x - 1) (x - 1)$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C ((x - 1) (x - 1)) + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.21

Expand $(x - 1) (x - 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 1.8.21.1

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C (x (x - 1) - 1 (x - 1)) + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.21.2

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C (x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 - 1 (x - 1)) + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.21.3

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C (x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1) + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.22

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 1.8.22.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.8.22.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C (x^{2} + x \cdot - 1 - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1) + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.22.1.2

Move $- 1$ to the left of $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C (x^{2} - 1 \cdot x - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1) + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.22.1.3

Rewrite $- 1 x$ as $- x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C (x^{2} - x - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1) + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.22.1.4

Rewrite $- 1 x$ as $- x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C (x^{2} - x - x - 1 \cdot - 1) + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.22.1.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C (x^{2} - x - x + 1) + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.22.2

Subtract $x$ from $- x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.23

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} + C (- 2 x) + C \cdot 1 + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.24

Simplify.

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Step 1.8.24.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C \cdot 1 + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.24.2

Multiply $C$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.25

Cancel the common factor of ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ and $x + 1$ .

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Step 1.8.25.1

Factor $x + 1$ out of $(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} {(x + 1)}^{2}$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + \frac{(x + 1) ((D) {(x - 1)}^{2} (x + 1))}{x + 1}$

Step 1.8.25.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 1.8.25.2.1

Multiply by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + \frac{(x + 1) ((D) {(x - 1)}^{2} (x + 1))}{(x + 1) \cdot 1}$

Step 1.8.25.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + \frac{(x + 1) ((D) {(x - 1)}^{2} (x + 1))}{(x + 1) \cdot 1}$

Step 1.8.25.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + \frac{(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} (x + 1)}{1}$

Step 1.8.25.2.4

Divide $(D) {(x - 1)}^{2} (x + 1)$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + (D) {(x - 1)}^{2} (x + 1)$

Step 1.8.26

Rewrite ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ as $(x - 1) (x - 1)$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D ((x - 1) (x - 1)) (x + 1)$

Step 1.8.27

Expand $(x - 1) (x - 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 1.8.27.1

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D (x (x - 1) - 1 (x - 1)) (x + 1)$

Step 1.8.27.2

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D (x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 - 1 (x - 1)) (x + 1)$

Step 1.8.27.3

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D (x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1) (x + 1)$

Step 1.8.28

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 1.8.28.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.8.28.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D (x^{2} + x \cdot - 1 - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1) (x + 1)$

Step 1.8.28.1.2

Move $- 1$ to the left of $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D (x^{2} - 1 \cdot x - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1) (x + 1)$

Step 1.8.28.1.3

Rewrite $- 1 x$ as $- x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D (x^{2} - x - 1 x - 1 \cdot - 1) (x + 1)$

Step 1.8.28.1.4

Rewrite $- 1 x$ as $- x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D (x^{2} - x - x - 1 \cdot - 1) (x + 1)$

Step 1.8.28.1.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D (x^{2} - x - x + 1) (x + 1)$

Step 1.8.28.2

Subtract $x$ from $- x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D (x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (x + 1)$

Step 1.8.29

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + (D x^{2} + D (- 2 x) + D \cdot 1) (x + 1)$

Step 1.8.30

Simplify.

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Step 1.8.30.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + (D x^{2} - 2 D x + D \cdot 1) (x + 1)$

Step 1.8.30.2

Multiply $D$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + (D x^{2} - 2 D x + D) (x + 1)$

Step 1.8.31

Expand $(D x^{2} - 2 D x + D) (x + 1)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D x^{2} x + D x^{2} \cdot 1 - 2 D x \cdot x - 2 D x \cdot 1 + D x + D \cdot 1$

Step 1.8.32

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.8.32.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.8.32.1.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D (x \cdot x^{2}) + D x^{2} \cdot 1 - 2 D x \cdot x - 2 D x \cdot 1 + D x + D \cdot 1$

Step 1.8.32.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 1.8.32.1.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D (x \cdot x^{2}) + D x^{2} \cdot 1 - 2 D x \cdot x - 2 D x \cdot 1 + D x + D \cdot 1$

Step 1.8.32.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D x^{1 + 2} + D x^{2} \cdot 1 - 2 D x \cdot x - 2 D x \cdot 1 + D x + D \cdot 1$

Step 1.8.32.1.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D x^{3} + D x^{2} \cdot 1 - 2 D x \cdot x - 2 D x \cdot 1 + D x + D \cdot 1$

Step 1.8.32.2

Multiply $D$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D x^{3} + D x^{2} - 2 D x \cdot x - 2 D x \cdot 1 + D x + D \cdot 1$

Step 1.8.32.3

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.8.32.3.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D x^{3} + D x^{2} - 2 D (x \cdot x) - 2 D x \cdot 1 + D x + D \cdot 1$

Step 1.8.32.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D x^{3} + D x^{2} - 2 D x^{2} - 2 D x \cdot 1 + D x + D \cdot 1$

Step 1.8.32.4

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D x^{3} + D x^{2} - 2 D x^{2} - 2 D x + D x + D \cdot 1$

Step 1.8.32.5

Multiply $D$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D x^{3} + D x^{2} - 2 D x^{2} - 2 D x + D x + D$

Step 1.8.33

Subtract $2 D x^{2}$ from $D x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D x^{3} - D x^{2} - 2 D x + D x + D$

Step 1.8.34

Add $- 2 D x$ and $D x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 A x + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D x^{3} - D x^{2} - D x + D$

Step 1.9

Simplify the expression.

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Step 1.9.1

Move $A$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 x A + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D x^{3} - D x^{2} - D x + D$

Step 1.9.2

Reorder $B$ and $x^{3}$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 x A + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D x^{3} - D x^{2} - D x + D$

Step 1.9.3

Reorder $B$ and $x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 x A + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - B x - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D x^{3} - D x^{2} - D x + D$

Step 1.9.4

Move $B$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 x A + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - 1 x B - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + C + D x^{3} - D x^{2} - D x + D$

Step 1.9.5

Move $C$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 x A + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - 1 x B - B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + D x^{3} - D x^{2} - D x + C + D$

Step 1.9.6

Move $- B$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 x A + A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - 1 x B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + D x^{3} - D x^{2} - D x - B + C + D$

Step 1.9.7

Move $A$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 x A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - 1 x B + C x^{2} - 2 C x + D x^{3} - D x^{2} - D x + A - B + C + D$

Step 1.9.8

Move $- 2 C x$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 x A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} - 1 x B + C x^{2} + D x^{3} - D x^{2} - 2 C x - D x + A - B + C + D$

Step 1.9.9

Move $- 1 x B$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + 2 x A + B x^{3} + B x^{2} + C x^{2} + D x^{3} - D x^{2} - 1 x B - 2 C x - D x + A - B + C + D$

Step 1.9.10

Move $2 x A$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + B x^{3} + B x^{2} + C x^{2} + D x^{3} - D x^{2} + 2 x A - 1 x B - 2 C x - D x + A - B + C + D$

Step 1.9.11

Move $C x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + B x^{3} + B x^{2} + D x^{3} + C x^{2} - D x^{2} + 2 x A - 1 x B - 2 C x - D x + A - B + C + D$

Step 1.9.12

Move $B x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} = A x^{2} + B x^{3} + D x^{3} + B x^{2} + C x^{2} - D x^{2} + 2 x A - 1 x B - 2 C x - D x + A - B + C + D$

Step 1.9.13

Move $A x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} = B x^{3} + D x^{3} + A x^{2} + B x^{2} + C x^{2} - D x^{2} + 2 x A - 1 x B - 2 C x - D x + A - B + C + D$

Step 2

Create equations for the partial fraction variables and use them to set up a system of equations.

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Step 2.1

Create an equation for the partial fraction variables by equating the coefficients of $x^{3}$ from each side of the equation. For the equation to be equal, the equivalent coefficients on each side of the equation must be equal.

$0 = B + D$

Step 2.2

Create an equation for the partial fraction variables by equating the coefficients of $x^{2}$ from each side of the equation. For the equation to be equal, the equivalent coefficients on each side of the equation must be equal.

$1 = A + B + C - 1 D$

Step 2.3

Create an equation for the partial fraction variables by equating the coefficients of $x$ from each side of the equation. For the equation to be equal, the equivalent coefficients on each side of the equation must be equal.

$0 = 2 A - 1 B - 2 C - 1 D$

Step 2.4

Create an equation for the partial fraction variables by equating the coefficients of the terms not containing $x$ . For the equation to be equal, the equivalent coefficients on each side of the equation must be equal.

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

Step 2.5

Set up the system of equations to find the coefficients of the partial fractions.

$0 = B + D$

$1 = A + B + C - 1 D$

$0 = 2 A - 1 B - 2 C - 1 D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

$0 = B + D$

$1 = A + B + C - 1 D$

$0 = 2 A - 1 B - 2 C - 1 D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

Step 3

Solve the system of equations.

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Step 3.1

Solve for $B$ in $0 = B + D$ .

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Step 3.1.1

Rewrite the equation as $B + D = 0$ .

$B + D = 0$

$1 = A + B + C - 1 D$

$0 = 2 A - 1 B - 2 C - 1 D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

Step 3.1.2

Subtract $D$ from both sides of the equation.

$B = - D$

$1 = A + B + C - 1 D$

$0 = 2 A - 1 B - 2 C - 1 D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

$B = - D$

$1 = A + B + C - 1 D$

$0 = 2 A - 1 B - 2 C - 1 D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

Step 3.2

Replace all occurrences of $B$ with $- D$ in each equation.

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Step 3.2.1

Replace all occurrences of $B$ in $1 = A + B + C - 1 D$ with $- D$ .

$1 = A - D + C - 1 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = 2 A - 1 B - 2 C - 1 D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

Step 3.2.2

Simplify $1 = A - D + C - 1 D$ .

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Step 3.2.2.1

Simplify the left side.

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Step 3.2.2.1.1

Remove parentheses.

$1 = A - D + C - 1 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = 2 A - 1 B - 2 C - 1 D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

$1 = A - D + C - 1 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = 2 A - 1 B - 2 C - 1 D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

Step 3.2.2.2

Simplify the right side.

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Step 3.2.2.2.1

Simplify $A - D + C - 1 D$ .

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Step 3.2.2.2.1.1

Rewrite $- 1 D$ as $- D$ .

$1 = A - D + C - D$

$B = - D$

$0 = 2 A - 1 B - 2 C - 1 D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

Step 3.2.2.2.1.2

Subtract $D$ from $- D$ .

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = 2 A - 1 B - 2 C - 1 D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = 2 A - 1 B - 2 C - 1 D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = 2 A - 1 B - 2 C - 1 D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = 2 A - 1 B - 2 C - 1 D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

Step 3.2.3

Replace all occurrences of $B$ in $0 = 2 A - 1 B - 2 C - 1 D$ with $- D$ .

$0 = 2 A - 1 (- D) - 2 C - 1 D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

Step 3.2.4

Simplify the right side.

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Step 3.2.4.1

Simplify $2 A - 1 (- D) - 2 C - 1 D$ .

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Step 3.2.4.1.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.2.4.1.1.1

Multiply $- 1 (- D)$ .

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Step 3.2.4.1.1.1.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$0 = 2 A + 1 D - 2 C - 1 D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

Step 3.2.4.1.1.1.2

Multiply $D$ by $1$ .

$0 = 2 A + D - 2 C - 1 D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

$0 = 2 A + D - 2 C - 1 D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

Step 3.2.4.1.1.2

Rewrite $- 1 D$ as $- D$ .

$0 = 2 A + D - 2 C - D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

$0 = 2 A + D - 2 C - D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

Step 3.2.4.1.2

Combine the opposite terms in $2 A + D - 2 C - D$ .

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Step 3.2.4.1.2.1

Subtract $D$ from $D$ .

$0 = 2 A - 2 C + 0$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

Step 3.2.4.1.2.2

Add $2 A - 2 C$ and $0$ .

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = A - 1 B + C + D$

Step 3.2.5

Replace all occurrences of $B$ in $0 = A - 1 B + C + D$ with $- D$ .

$0 = A - 1 (- D) + C + D$

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.2.6

Simplify the right side.

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Step 3.2.6.1

Simplify $A - 1 (- D) + C + D$ .

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Step 3.2.6.1.1

Multiply $- 1 (- D)$ .

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Step 3.2.6.1.1.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$0 = A + 1 D + C + D$

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.2.6.1.1.2

Multiply $D$ by $1$ .

$0 = A + D + C + D$

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = A + D + C + D$

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.2.6.1.2

Add $D$ and $D$ .

$0 = A + C + 2 D$

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = A + C + 2 D$

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = A + C + 2 D$

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = A + C + 2 D$

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.3

Solve for $A$ in $0 = A + C + 2 D$ .

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Step 3.3.1

Rewrite the equation as $A + C + 2 D = 0$ .

$A + C + 2 D = 0$

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.3.2

Move all terms not containing $A$ to the right side of the equation.

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Step 3.3.2.1

Subtract $C$ from both sides of the equation.

$A + 2 D = - C$

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.3.2.2

Subtract $2 D$ from both sides of the equation.

$A = - C - 2 D$

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$0 = 2 A - 2 C$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.4

Replace all occurrences of $A$ with $- C - 2 D$ in each equation.

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Step 3.4.1

Replace all occurrences of $A$ in $0 = 2 A - 2 C$ with $- C - 2 D$ .

$0 = 2 (- C - 2 D) - 2 C$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.4.2

Simplify the right side.

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Step 3.4.2.1

Simplify $2 (- C - 2 D) - 2 C$ .

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Step 3.4.2.1.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.4.2.1.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$0 = 2 (- C) + 2 (- 2 D) - 2 C$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.4.2.1.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$0 = - 2 C + 2 (- 2 D) - 2 C$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.4.2.1.1.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$0 = - 2 C - 4 D - 2 C$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = - 2 C - 4 D - 2 C$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.4.2.1.2

Subtract $2 C$ from $- 2 C$ .

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$1 = A + C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.4.3

Replace all occurrences of $A$ in $1 = A + C - 2 D$ with $- C - 2 D$ .

$1 = (- C - 2 D) + C - 2 D$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.4.4

Simplify the right side.

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Step 3.4.4.1

Simplify $(- C - 2 D) + C - 2 D$ .

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Step 3.4.4.1.1

Combine the opposite terms in $(- C - 2 D) + C - 2 D$ .

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Step 3.4.4.1.1.1

Add $- C$ and $C$ .

$1 = - 2 D + 0 - 2 D$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.4.4.1.1.2

Add $- 2 D$ and $0$ .

$1 = - 2 D - 2 D$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$1 = - 2 D - 2 D$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.4.4.1.2

Subtract $2 D$ from $- 2 D$ .

$1 = - 4 D$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$1 = - 4 D$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$1 = - 4 D$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$1 = - 4 D$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.5

Solve for $D$ in $1 = - 4 D$ .

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Step 3.5.1

Rewrite the equation as $- 4 D = 1$ .

$- 4 D = 1$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.5.2

Divide each term in $- 4 D = 1$ by $- 4$ and simplify.

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Step 3.5.2.1

Divide each term in $- 4 D = 1$ by $- 4$ .

$\frac{- 4 D}{- 4} = \frac{1}{- 4}$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.5.2.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 3.5.2.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $- 4$ .

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Step 3.5.2.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- 4 D}{- 4} = \frac{1}{- 4}$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.5.2.2.1.2

Divide $D$ by $1$ .

$D = \frac{1}{- 4}$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$D = \frac{1}{- 4}$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$D = \frac{1}{- 4}$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.5.2.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 3.5.2.3.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$0 = - 4 C - 4 D$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.6

Replace all occurrences of $D$ with $- \frac{1}{4}$ in each equation.

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Step 3.6.1

Replace all occurrences of $D$ in $0 = - 4 C - 4 D$ with $- \frac{1}{4}$ .

$0 = - 4 C - 4 (- \frac{1}{4})$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.6.2

Simplify the right side.

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Step 3.6.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.6.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor of $4$ .

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Step 3.6.2.1.1.1

Move the leading negative in $- \frac{1}{4}$ into the numerator.

$0 = - 4 C - 4 (\frac{- 1}{4})$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.6.2.1.1.2

Factor $4$ out of $- 4$ .

$0 = - 4 C + 4 (- 1) (\frac{- 1}{4})$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.6.2.1.1.3

Cancel the common factor.

$0 = - 4 C + 4 \cdot (- 1 (\frac{- 1}{4}))$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.6.2.1.1.4

Rewrite the expression.

$0 = - 4 C - 1 \cdot - 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = - 4 C - 1 \cdot - 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.6.2.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C - 2 D$

$B = - D$

Step 3.6.3

Replace all occurrences of $D$ in $A = - C - 2 D$ with $- \frac{1}{4}$ .

$A = - C - 2 (- \frac{1}{4})$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$B = - D$

Step 3.6.4

Simplify the right side.

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Step 3.6.4.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.6.4.1.1

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 3.6.4.1.1.1

Move the leading negative in $- \frac{1}{4}$ into the numerator.

$A = - C - 2 (\frac{- 1}{4})$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$B = - D$

Step 3.6.4.1.1.2

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$A = - C + 2 (- 1) (\frac{- 1}{4})$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$B = - D$

Step 3.6.4.1.1.3

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$A = - C + 2 \cdot (- 1 \frac{- 1}{2 \cdot 2})$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$B = - D$

Step 3.6.4.1.1.4

Cancel the common factor.

$A = - C + 2 \cdot (- 1 \frac{- 1}{2 \cdot 2})$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$B = - D$

Step 3.6.4.1.1.5

Rewrite the expression.

$A = - C - 1 (\frac{- 1}{2})$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$B = - D$

$A = - C - 1 (\frac{- 1}{2})$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$B = - D$

Step 3.6.4.1.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$A = - C - 1 (- \frac{1}{2})$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$B = - D$

Step 3.6.4.1.3

Multiply $- 1 (- \frac{1}{2})$ .

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Step 3.6.4.1.3.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$A = - C + 1 (\frac{1}{2})$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$B = - D$

Step 3.6.4.1.3.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $1$ .

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$B = - D$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$B = - D$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$B = - D$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$B = - D$

Step 3.6.5

Replace all occurrences of $D$ in $B = - D$ with $- \frac{1}{4}$ .

$B = - (- \frac{1}{4})$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.6.6

Simplify the right side.

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Step 3.6.6.1

Multiply $- (- \frac{1}{4})$ .

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Step 3.6.6.1.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$B = 1 (\frac{1}{4})$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.6.6.1.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $1$ .

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$0 = - 4 C + 1$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.7

Solve for $C$ in $0 = - 4 C + 1$ .

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Step 3.7.1

Rewrite the equation as $- 4 C + 1 = 0$ .

$- 4 C + 1 = 0$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.7.2

Subtract $1$ from both sides of the equation.

$- 4 C = - 1$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.7.3

Divide each term in $- 4 C = - 1$ by $- 4$ and simplify.

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Step 3.7.3.1

Divide each term in $- 4 C = - 1$ by $- 4$ .

$\frac{- 4 C}{- 4} = \frac{- 1}{- 4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.7.3.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 3.7.3.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $- 4$ .

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Step 3.7.3.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- 4 C}{- 4} = \frac{- 1}{- 4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.7.3.2.1.2

Divide $C$ by $1$ .

$C = \frac{- 1}{- 4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$C = \frac{- 1}{- 4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$C = \frac{- 1}{- 4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.7.3.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 3.7.3.3.1

Dividing two negative values results in a positive value.

$C = \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$C = \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$C = \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$C = \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.8

Replace all occurrences of $C$ with $\frac{1}{4}$ in each equation.

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Step 3.8.1

Replace all occurrences of $C$ in $A = - C + \frac{1}{2}$ with $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$A = - (\frac{1}{4}) + \frac{1}{2}$

$C = \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.8.2

Simplify the right side.

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Step 3.8.2.1

Simplify $- (\frac{1}{4}) + \frac{1}{2}$ .

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Step 3.8.2.1.1

To write $\frac{1}{2}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$A = - \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2}{2}$

$C = \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.8.2.1.2

Write each expression with a common denominator of $4$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 3.8.2.1.2.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$A = - \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2}{2 \cdot 2}$

$C = \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.8.2.1.2.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$A = - \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2}{4}$

$C = \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$A = - \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2}{4}$

$C = \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.8.2.1.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$A = \frac{- 1 + 2}{4}$

$C = \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.8.2.1.4

Add $- 1$ and $2$ .

$A = \frac{1}{4}$

$C = \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$A = \frac{1}{4}$

$C = \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$A = \frac{1}{4}$

$C = \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

$A = \frac{1}{4}$

$C = \frac{1}{4}$

$B = \frac{1}{4}$

$D = - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 3.9

List all of the solutions.

$A = \frac{1}{4}, C = \frac{1}{4}, B = \frac{1}{4}, D = - \frac{1}{4}$

Step 4

Replace each of the partial fraction coefficients in $\frac{A}{{(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{B}{x - 1} + \frac{C}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{D}{x + 1}$ with the values found for $A$ , $B$ , $C$ , and $D$ .

$\frac{\frac{1}{4}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}} + \frac{\frac{1}{4}}{x - 1} + \frac{\frac{1}{4}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- \frac{1}{4}}{x + 1}$