Precalculus Examples

$\frac{(4 x^{2}) (2 x^{3})}{{(x^{2})}^{4}}$

Step 1

Decompose the fraction and multiply through by the common denominator.

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Step 1.1

Factor the fraction.

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Step 1.1.1

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$\frac{4 x^{2} \cdot 2 x^{3}}{{(x^{2})}^{4}}$

Step 1.1.2

Combine exponents.

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Step 1.1.2.1

Multiply $2$ by $4$ .

$\frac{8 x^{2} x^{3}}{{(x^{2})}^{4}}$

Step 1.1.2.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{3}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.1.2.2.1

Move $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{8 (x^{3} x^{2})}{{(x^{2})}^{4}}$

Step 1.1.2.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{8 x^{3 + 2}}{{(x^{2})}^{4}}$

Step 1.1.2.2.3

Add $3$ and $2$ .

$\frac{8 x^{5}}{{(x^{2})}^{4}}$

Step 1.2

For each factor in the denominator, create a new fraction using the factor as the denominator, and an unknown value as the numerator. Since the factor is 2nd order, $2$ terms are required in the numerator. The number of terms required in the numerator is always equal to the order of the factor in the denominator.

$\frac{A x + B}{{(x^{2})}^{4}}$

Step 1.3

$\frac{A x + B}{{(x^{2})}^{4}} + \frac{C x + D}{{(x^{2})}^{3}}$

Step 1.4

$\frac{A x + B}{{(x^{2})}^{4}} + \frac{C x + D}{{(x^{2})}^{3}} + \frac{F x + G}{{(x^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 1.5

$\frac{A x + B}{{(x^{2})}^{4}} + \frac{C x + D}{{(x^{2})}^{3}} + \frac{F x + G}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{H x + I}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.6

Multiply each fraction in the equation by the denominator of the original expression. In this case, the denominator is ${(x^{2})}^{4}$ .

$\frac{8 x^{5} {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{4}} = \frac{(A x + B) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{4}} + \frac{(C x + D) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{3}} + \frac{(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.7

Cancel the common factor of ${(x^{2})}^{4}$ .

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Step 1.7.1

Cancel the common factor.

Step 1.7.2

Divide $8 x^{5}$ by $1$ .

$8 x^{5} = \frac{(A x + B) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{4}} + \frac{(C x + D) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{3}} + \frac{(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.8.1

Cancel the common factor of ${(x^{2})}^{4}$ .

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Step 1.8.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$8 x^{5} = \frac{(A x + B) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{4}} + \frac{(C x + D) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{3}} + \frac{(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.1.2

Divide $A x + B$ by $1$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + \frac{(C x + D) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{3}} + \frac{(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.2

Cancel the common factor of ${(x^{2})}^{4}$ and ${(x^{2})}^{3}$ .

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Step 1.8.2.1

Factor ${(x^{2})}^{3}$ out of $(C x + D) {(x^{2})}^{4}$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + \frac{{(x^{2})}^{3} ((C x + D) x^{2})}{{(x^{2})}^{3}} + \frac{(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.2.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 1.8.2.2.1

Multiply by $1$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + \frac{{(x^{2})}^{3} ((C x + D) x^{2})}{{(x^{2})}^{3} \cdot 1} + \frac{(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.2.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + \frac{{(x^{2})}^{3} ((C x + D) x^{2})}{{(x^{2})}^{3} \cdot 1} + \frac{(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.2.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + \frac{(C x + D) x^{2}}{1} + \frac{(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.2.2.4

Divide $(C x + D) x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + (C x + D) x^{2} + \frac{(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.3

Apply the distributive property.

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x \cdot x^{2} + D x^{2} + \frac{(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.4

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.8.4.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C (x^{2} x) + D x^{2} + \frac{(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.4.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

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Step 1.8.4.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C (x^{2} x) + D x^{2} + \frac{(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.4.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{2 + 1} + D x^{2} + \frac{(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.4.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + \frac{(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.5

Cancel the common factor of ${(x^{2})}^{4}$ and ${(x^{2})}^{2}$ .

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Step 1.8.5.1

Factor ${(x^{2})}^{2}$ out of $(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{4}$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + \frac{{(x^{2})}^{2} ((F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{2})}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.5.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 1.8.5.2.1

Multiply by $1$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + \frac{{(x^{2})}^{2} ((F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{2})}{{(x^{2})}^{2} \cdot 1} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.5.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + \frac{{(x^{2})}^{2} ((F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{2})}{{(x^{2})}^{2} \cdot 1} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.5.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + \frac{(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{2}}{1} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.5.2.4

Divide $(F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{2}$ by $1$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + (F x + G) {(x^{2})}^{2} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.6

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{2}$ .

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Step 1.8.6.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + (F x + G) x^{2 \cdot 2} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.6.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + (F x + G) x^{4} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.7

Apply the distributive property.

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x \cdot x^{4} + G x^{4} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.8

Multiply $x$ by $x^{4}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.8.8.1

Move $x^{4}$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F (x^{4} x) + G x^{4} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.8.2

Multiply $x^{4}$ by $x$ .

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Step 1.8.8.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F (x^{4} x) + G x^{4} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.8.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{4 + 1} + G x^{4} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.8.3

Add $4$ and $1$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + \frac{(H x + I) {(x^{2})}^{4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.9

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{4}$ .

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Step 1.8.9.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + \frac{(H x + I) x^{2 \cdot 4}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.9.2

Multiply $2$ by $4$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + \frac{(H x + I) x^{8}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.10

Cancel the common factor of $x^{8}$ and $x^{2}$ .

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Step 1.8.10.1

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $(H x + I) x^{8}$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + \frac{x^{2} ((H x + I) x^{6})}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.8.10.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 1.8.10.2.1

Multiply by $1$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + \frac{x^{2} ((H x + I) x^{6})}{x^{2} \cdot 1}$

Step 1.8.10.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + \frac{x^{2} ((H x + I) x^{6})}{x^{2} \cdot 1}$

Step 1.8.10.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + \frac{(H x + I) x^{6}}{1}$

Step 1.8.10.2.4

Divide $(H x + I) x^{6}$ by $1$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + (H x + I) x^{6}$

Step 1.8.11

Apply the distributive property.

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + H x \cdot x^{6} + I x^{6}$

Step 1.8.12

Multiply $x$ by $x^{6}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.8.12.1

Move $x^{6}$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + H (x^{6} x) + I x^{6}$

Step 1.8.12.2

Multiply $x^{6}$ by $x$ .

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Step 1.8.12.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + H (x^{6} x) + I x^{6}$

Step 1.8.12.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + H x^{6 + 1} + I x^{6}$

Step 1.8.12.3

Add $6$ and $1$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + H x^{7} + I x^{6}$

Step 1.9

Simplify the expression.

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Step 1.9.1

Reorder $G$ and $x^{4}$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + H x^{7} + I x^{6}$

Step 1.9.2

Reorder $H$ and $x^{7}$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + H x^{7} + I x^{6}$

Step 1.9.3

Reorder $I$ and $x^{6}$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + B + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + H x^{7} + I x^{6}$

Step 1.9.4

Move $B$ .

$8 x^{5} = A x + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + H x^{7} + I x^{6} + B$

Step 1.9.5

Move $A x$ .

$8 x^{5} = C x^{3} + D x^{2} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + H x^{7} + I x^{6} + A x + B$

Step 1.9.6

Move $D x^{2}$ .

$8 x^{5} = C x^{3} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + H x^{7} + I x^{6} + D x^{2} + A x + B$

Step 1.9.7

Move $C x^{3}$ .

$8 x^{5} = F x^{5} + G x^{4} + H x^{7} + I x^{6} + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + A x + B$

Step 1.9.8

Move $G x^{4}$ .

$8 x^{5} = F x^{5} + H x^{7} + I x^{6} + G x^{4} + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + A x + B$

Step 1.9.9

Move $F x^{5}$ .

$8 x^{5} = H x^{7} + I x^{6} + F x^{5} + G x^{4} + C x^{3} + D x^{2} + A x + B$

Step 2

Create equations for the partial fraction variables and use them to set up a system of equations.

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Step 2.1

Create an equation for the partial fraction variables by equating the coefficients of $x^{7}$ from each side of the equation. For the equation to be equal, the equivalent coefficients on each side of the equation must be equal.

$0 = H$

Step 2.2

Create an equation for the partial fraction variables by equating the coefficients of $x^{6}$ from each side of the equation. For the equation to be equal, the equivalent coefficients on each side of the equation must be equal.

$0 = I$

Step 2.3

Create an equation for the partial fraction variables by equating the coefficients of $x^{5}$ from each side of the equation. For the equation to be equal, the equivalent coefficients on each side of the equation must be equal.

$8 = F$

Step 2.4

Create an equation for the partial fraction variables by equating the coefficients of $x^{4}$ from each side of the equation. For the equation to be equal, the equivalent coefficients on each side of the equation must be equal.

$0 = G$

Step 2.5

Create an equation for the partial fraction variables by equating the coefficients of $x^{3}$ from each side of the equation. For the equation to be equal, the equivalent coefficients on each side of the equation must be equal.

$0 = C$

Step 2.6

Create an equation for the partial fraction variables by equating the coefficients of $x^{2}$ from each side of the equation. For the equation to be equal, the equivalent coefficients on each side of the equation must be equal.

$0 = D$

Step 2.7

Create an equation for the partial fraction variables by equating the coefficients of $x$ from each side of the equation. For the equation to be equal, the equivalent coefficients on each side of the equation must be equal.

$0 = A$

Step 2.8

Create an equation for the partial fraction variables by equating the coefficients of the terms not containing $x$ . For the equation to be equal, the equivalent coefficients on each side of the equation must be equal.

$0 = B$

Step 2.9

Set up the system of equations to find the coefficients of the partial fractions.

$0 = H$

$0 = I$

$8 = F$

$0 = G$

$0 = C$

$0 = D$

$0 = A$

$0 = B$

$0 = H$

$0 = I$

$8 = F$

$0 = G$

$0 = C$

$0 = D$

$0 = A$

$0 = B$

Step 3

Solve the system of equations.

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Step 3.1

Rewrite the equation as $H = 0$ .

$H = 0$

$0 = I$

$8 = F$

$0 = G$

$0 = C$

$0 = D$

$0 = A$

$0 = B$

Step 3.2

Replace all occurrences of $H$ with $0$ in each equation.

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Step 3.2.1

Rewrite the equation as $I = 0$ .

$I = 0$

$H = 0$

$8 = F$

$0 = G$

$0 = C$

$0 = D$

$0 = A$

$0 = B$

Step 3.2.2

Rewrite the equation as $F = 8$ .

$F = 8$

$I = 0$

$H = 0$

$0 = G$

$0 = C$

$0 = D$

$0 = A$

$0 = B$

Step 3.2.3

Rewrite the equation as $G = 0$ .

$G = 0$

$F = 8$

$I = 0$

$H = 0$

$0 = C$

$0 = D$

$0 = A$

$0 = B$

Step 3.2.4

Rewrite the equation as $C = 0$ .

$C = 0$

$G = 0$

$F = 8$

$I = 0$

$H = 0$

$0 = D$

$0 = A$

$0 = B$

Step 3.2.5

Rewrite the equation as $D = 0$ .

$D = 0$

$C = 0$

$G = 0$

$F = 8$

$I = 0$

$H = 0$

$0 = A$

$0 = B$

Step 3.2.6

Rewrite the equation as $A = 0$ .

$A = 0$

$D = 0$

$C = 0$

$G = 0$

$F = 8$

$I = 0$

$H = 0$

$0 = B$

Step 3.2.7

Rewrite the equation as $B = 0$ .

$B = 0$

$A = 0$

$D = 0$

$C = 0$

$G = 0$

$F = 8$

$I = 0$

$H = 0$

$B = 0$

$A = 0$

$D = 0$

$C = 0$

$G = 0$

$F = 8$

$I = 0$

$H = 0$

Step 3.3

List all of the solutions.

$B = 0, A = 0, D = 0, C = 0, G = 0, F = 8, I = 0, H = 0$

Step 4

Replace each of the partial fraction coefficients in $\frac{A x + B}{{(x^{2})}^{4}} + \frac{C x + D}{{(x^{2})}^{3}} + \frac{F x + G}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{H x + I}{x^{2}}$ with the values found for $A$ , $B$ , $C$ , $D$ , $F$ , $G$ , $H$ , and $I$ .

$\frac{0 x + 0}{{(x^{2})}^{4}} + \frac{0 x + 0}{{(x^{2})}^{3}} + \frac{8 x + 0}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{0 x + 0}{x^{2}}$

Step 5

Simplify.

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Step 5.1

Add $(0) \cdot x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(0) \cdot x}{{(x^{2})}^{4}} + \frac{(0) \cdot x + 0}{{(x^{2})}^{3}} + \frac{(8) \cdot x + 0}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(0) \cdot x + 0}{x^{2}}$

Step 5.2

Multiply $0$ by $x$ .

$\frac{0}{{(x^{2})}^{4}} + \frac{(0) \cdot x + 0}{{(x^{2})}^{3}} + \frac{(8) \cdot x + 0}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(0) \cdot x + 0}{x^{2}}$

Step 5.3

Add $(0) \cdot x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{0}{{(x^{2})}^{4}} + \frac{(0) \cdot x}{{(x^{2})}^{3}} + \frac{(8) \cdot x + 0}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(0) \cdot x + 0}{x^{2}}$

Step 5.4

Multiply $0$ by $x$ .

$\frac{0}{{(x^{2})}^{4}} + \frac{0}{{(x^{2})}^{3}} + \frac{(8) \cdot x + 0}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(0) \cdot x + 0}{x^{2}}$

Step 5.5

Add $(8) \cdot x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{0}{{(x^{2})}^{4}} + \frac{0}{{(x^{2})}^{3}} + \frac{8 x}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(0) \cdot x + 0}{x^{2}}$

Step 5.6

Add $(0) \cdot x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{0}{{(x^{2})}^{4}} + \frac{0}{{(x^{2})}^{3}} + \frac{8 x}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{(0) \cdot x}{x^{2}}$

Step 5.7

Multiply $0$ by $x$ .

$\frac{0}{{(x^{2})}^{4}} + \frac{0}{{(x^{2})}^{3}} + \frac{8 x}{{(x^{2})}^{2}} + \frac{0}{x^{2}}$