Precalculus Examples

$x (x - 1) (x - 1 - i) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 1

Simplify terms.

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Step 1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$(x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1) (x - 1 - i) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 1.2

Simplify the expression.

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Step 1.2.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$(x^{2} + x \cdot - 1) (x - 1 - i) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 1.2.2

Move $- 1$ to the left of $x$ .

$(x^{2} - 1 \cdot x) (x - 1 - i) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 1.3

Rewrite $- 1 x$ as $- x$ .

$(x^{2} - x) (x - 1 - i) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 2

Expand $(x^{2} - x) (x - 1 - i)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$(x^{2} x + x^{2} \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) - x \cdot x - x \cdot - 1 - x (- i)) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 3

Simplify terms.

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Step 3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.1.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.1.1.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

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Step 3.1.1.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$(x^{2} x^{1} + x^{2} \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) - x \cdot x - x \cdot - 1 - x (- i)) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 3.1.1.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$(x^{2 + 1} + x^{2} \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) - x \cdot x - x \cdot - 1 - x (- i)) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 3.1.1.2

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$(x^{3} + x^{2} \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) - x \cdot x - x \cdot - 1 - x (- i)) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 3.1.2

Move $- 1$ to the left of $x^{2}$ .

$(x^{3} - 1 \cdot x^{2} + x^{2} (- i) - x \cdot x - x \cdot - 1 - x (- i)) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 3.1.3

Rewrite $- 1 x^{2}$ as $- x^{2}$ .

$(x^{3} - x^{2} + x^{2} (- i) - x \cdot x - x \cdot - 1 - x (- i)) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 3.1.4

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.1.4.1

Move $x$ .

$(x^{3} - x^{2} + x^{2} (- i) - (x \cdot x) - x \cdot - 1 - x (- i)) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 3.1.4.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$(x^{3} - x^{2} + x^{2} (- i) - x^{2} - x \cdot - 1 - x (- i)) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 3.1.5

Multiply $- x \cdot - 1$ .

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Step 3.1.5.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$(x^{3} - x^{2} + x^{2} (- i) - x^{2} + 1 x - x (- i)) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 3.1.5.2

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$(x^{3} - x^{2} + x^{2} (- i) - x^{2} + x - x (- i)) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 3.1.6

Multiply $- x (- i)$ .

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Step 3.1.6.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$(x^{3} - x^{2} + x^{2} (- i) - x^{2} + x + 1 x i) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 3.1.6.2

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$(x^{3} - x^{2} + x^{2} (- i) - x^{2} + x + x i) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 3.2

Subtract $x^{2}$ from $- x^{2}$ .

$(x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + x^{2} (- i) + x + x i) (x - 1 + i)$

Step 4

Expand $(x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + x^{2} (- i) + x + x i) (x - 1 + i)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$x^{3} x + x^{3} \cdot - 1 + x^{3} i - 2 x^{2} x - 2 x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) x + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i + x i x + x i \cdot - 1 + x i i$

Step 5

Simplify terms.

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Step 5.1

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{3} x + x^{3} \cdot - 1 + x^{3} i - 2 x^{2} x - 2 x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) x + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i + x i x + x i \cdot - 1 + x i i$ .

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Step 5.1.1

Reorder the factors in the terms $x i$ and $x i \cdot - 1$ .

$x^{3} x + x^{3} \cdot - 1 + x^{3} i - 2 x^{2} x - 2 x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) x + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + i x + x i x - i x + x i i$

Step 5.1.2

Subtract $i x$ from $i x$ .

$x^{3} x + x^{3} \cdot - 1 + x^{3} i - 2 x^{2} x - 2 x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) x + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + 0 + x i i$

Step 5.1.3

Add $x^{3} x + x^{3} \cdot - 1 + x^{3} i - 2 x^{2} x - 2 x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) x + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x$ and $0$ .

$x^{3} x + x^{3} \cdot - 1 + x^{3} i - 2 x^{2} x - 2 x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) x + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.2.1

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.2.1.1

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x$ .

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Step 5.2.1.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{3} x^{1} + x^{3} \cdot - 1 + x^{3} i - 2 x^{2} x - 2 x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) x + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.1.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{3 + 1} + x^{3} \cdot - 1 + x^{3} i - 2 x^{2} x - 2 x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) x + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.1.2

Add $3$ and $1$ .

$x^{4} + x^{3} \cdot - 1 + x^{3} i - 2 x^{2} x - 2 x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) x + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.2

Move $- 1$ to the left of $x^{3}$ .

$x^{4} - 1 \cdot x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{2} x - 2 x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) x + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.3

Rewrite $- 1 x^{3}$ as $- x^{3}$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{2} x - 2 x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) x + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.4

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.2.4.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 (x \cdot x^{2}) - 2 x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) x + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.4.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 5.2.4.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 (x^{1} x^{2}) - 2 x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) x + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.4.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{1 + 2} - 2 x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) x + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.4.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} \cdot - 1 - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) x + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) x + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.6

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.2.6.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x \cdot x^{2} (- i) + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.6.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 5.2.6.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{1} x^{2} (- i) + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.6.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{1 + 2} (- i) + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.6.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1 + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.7

Multiply $x^{2} (- i) \cdot - 1$ .

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Step 5.2.7.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} (1 i) + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.7.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i) i + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.8

Multiply $x^{2} (- i) i$ .

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Step 5.2.8.1

Raise $i$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} (- (i^{1} i)) + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.8.2

Raise $i$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} (- (i^{1} i^{1})) + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.8.3

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i^{1 + 1}) + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.8.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} (- i^{2}) + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.9

Rewrite $i^{2}$ as $- 1$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} (- - 1) + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.10

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} \cdot 1 + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.11

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x \cdot x + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.12

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} + x \cdot - 1 + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.13

Move $- 1$ to the left of $x$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} - 1 \cdot x + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.14

Rewrite $- 1 x$ as $- x$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} - x + x i x + x i i$

Step 5.2.15

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.2.15.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} - x + x \cdot x i + x i i$

Step 5.2.15.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} - x + x^{2} i + x i i$

Step 5.2.16

Multiply $x i i$ .

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Step 5.2.16.1

Raise $i$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} - x + x^{2} i + x (i^{1} i)$

Step 5.2.16.2

Raise $i$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} - x + x^{2} i + x (i^{1} i^{1})$

Step 5.2.16.3

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} - x + x^{2} i + x i^{1 + 1}$

Step 5.2.16.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} - x + x^{2} i + x i^{2}$

Step 5.2.17

Rewrite $i^{2}$ as $- 1$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} - x + x^{2} i + x \cdot - 1$

Step 5.2.18

Move $- 1$ to the left of $x$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} - x + x^{2} i - 1 \cdot x$

Step 5.2.19

Rewrite $- 1 x$ as $- x$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} - x + x^{2} i - x$

Step 5.3

Simplify by adding terms.

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Step 5.3.1

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{4} - x^{3} + x^{3} i - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{3} (- i) + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} - x + x^{2} i - x$ .

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Step 5.3.1.1

Reorder the factors in the terms $x^{3} i$ and $x^{3} (- i)$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} + i x^{3} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i - i x^{3} + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} - x + x^{2} i - x$

Step 5.3.1.2

Subtract $i x^{3}$ from $i x^{3}$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + 0 + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} - x + x^{2} i - x$

Step 5.3.1.3

Add $x^{4} - x^{3} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i$ and $0$ .

$x^{4} - x^{3} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} - x + x^{2} i - x$

Step 5.3.2

Subtract $2 x^{3}$ from $- x^{3}$ .

$x^{4} - 3 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} i + x^{2} + x^{2} - x + x^{2} i - x$

Step 5.3.3

Add $2 x^{2}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$x^{4} - 3 x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} i + x^{2} - x + x^{2} i - x$

Step 5.3.4

Add $3 x^{2}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$x^{4} - 3 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x^{2} i + x^{2} i - x + x^{2} i - x$

Step 5.3.5

Add $- 2 x^{2} i$ and $x^{2} i$ .

$x^{4} - 3 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - x^{2} i - x + x^{2} i - x$

Step 5.3.6

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{4} - 3 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - x^{2} i - x + x^{2} i - x$ .

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Step 5.3.6.1

Add $- x^{2} i$ and $x^{2} i$ .

$x^{4} - 3 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - x + 0 - x$

Step 5.3.6.2

Add $x^{4} - 3 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - x$ and $0$ .

$x^{4} - 3 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - x - x$

Step 5.3.7

Subtract $x$ from $- x$ .

$x^{4} - 3 x^{3} + 4 x^{2} - 2 x$