Precalculus Examples

$y = \ln (x + 3) + 2$

Step 1

Find where the expression $\ln (x + 3) + 2$ is undefined.

$x \leq - 3$

Step 2

Since $\ln (x + 3) + 2$ $\to$ $\infty$ as $x$ $\to$ $- 3$ from the left and $\ln (x + 3) + 2$ $\to$ $- \infty$ as $x$ $\to$ $- 3$ from the right, then $x = - 3$ is a vertical asymptote.

$x = - 3$

Step 3

Ignoring the logarithm, consider the rational function $R (x) = \frac{a x^{n}}{b x^{m}}$ where $n$ is the degree of the numerator and $m$ is the degree of the denominator.

1. If $n < m$ , then the x-axis, $y = 0$ , is the horizontal asymptote.

2. If $n = m$ , then the horizontal asymptote is the line $y = \frac{a}{b}$ .

3. If $n > m$ , then there is no horizontal asymptote (there is an oblique asymptote).

Step 4

There are no horizontal asymptotes because $Q (x)$ is $1$ .

No Horizontal Asymptotes

Step 5

No oblique asymptotes are present for logarithmic and trigonometric functions.

No Oblique Asymptotes

Step 6

This is the set of all asymptotes.

Vertical Asymptotes: $x = - 3$

No Horizontal Asymptotes

Step 7