Precalculus Examples

$\sec (\arcsin (\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}))$

Step 1

Draw a triangle in the plane with vertices $(\sqrt{1^{2} - {(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}})}^{2}}, \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}})$ , $(\sqrt{1^{2} - {(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}})}^{2}}, 0)$ , and the origin. Then $\arcsin (\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}})$ is the angle between the positive x-axis and the ray beginning at the origin and passing through $(\sqrt{1^{2} - {(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}})}^{2}}, \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}})$ . Therefore, $\sec (\arcsin (\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}))$ is $\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - {(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}})}^{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - {(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}})}^{2}}}$

Step 2

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 2.1

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{1^{2} - {(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}})}^{2}}}$

Step 2.2

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = 1$ and $b = \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}) (1 - \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}})}}$

Step 2.3

Simplify.

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Step 2.3.1

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{(\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} + \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}) (1 - \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}})}}$

Step 2.3.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} (1 - \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}})}}$

Step 2.3.3

Multiply $\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} (1 - (\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}))}}$

Step 2.3.4

Combine and simplify the denominator.

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Step 2.3.4.1

Multiply $\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} (1 - \frac{x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}})}}$

Step 2.3.4.2

Raise $\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} (1 - \frac{x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{1} \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}})}}$

Step 2.3.4.3

Raise $\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} (1 - \frac{x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{1} {\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{1}})}}$

Step 2.3.4.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} (1 - \frac{x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{1 + 1}})}}$

Step 2.3.4.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} (1 - \frac{x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{2}})}}$

Step 2.3.4.6

Rewrite ${\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{2}$ as $x^{2} + 4$ .

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Step 2.3.4.6.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}$ as ${(x^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} (1 - \frac{x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{({(x^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}})}}$

Step 2.3.4.6.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} (1 - \frac{x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}})}}$

Step 2.3.4.6.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} (1 - \frac{x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{2}{2}}})}}$

Step 2.3.4.6.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.3.4.6.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} (1 - \frac{x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{2}{2}}})}}$

Step 2.3.4.6.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} (1 - \frac{x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{1}})}}$

Step 2.3.4.6.5

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} (1 - \frac{x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4})}}$

Step 2.3.5

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} (\frac{x^{2} + 4}{x^{2} + 4} - \frac{x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4})}}$

Step 2.3.6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.4

Multiply $\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.5

Combine and simplify the denominator.

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Step 2.5.1

Multiply $\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{(\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x) \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.5.2

Raise $\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{(\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x) \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{1} \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.5.3

Raise $\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{(\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x) \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{1} {\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{1}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.5.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{(\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x) \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{1 + 1}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.5.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{(\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x) \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{2}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.5.6

Rewrite ${\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{2}$ as $x^{2} + 4$ .

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Step 2.5.6.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}$ as ${(x^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{(\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x) \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{({(x^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.5.6.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{(\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x) \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.5.6.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{(\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x) \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{2}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.5.6.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.5.6.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{(\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x) \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{2}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.5.6.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{(\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x) \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{1}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.5.6.5

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{(\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x) \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.6

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} \sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.7

Multiply $\sqrt{x^{2} + 4} \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}$ .

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Step 2.7.1

Raise $\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{1} \sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.7.2

Raise $\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{1} {\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{1} + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.7.3

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{1 + 1} + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.7.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{{\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{2} + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.8

Rewrite ${\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{2}$ as $x^{2} + 4$ .

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Step 2.8.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}$ as ${(x^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{{({(x^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.8.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2} + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.8.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{2}{2}} + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.8.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.8.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{2}{2}} + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.8.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{1} + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.8.5

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}}}$

Step 2.9

Multiply $\frac{x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}$ by $\frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}{(x^{2} + 4) (x^{2} + 4)}}}$

Step 2.10

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 2.10.1

Raise $x^{2} + 4$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{1} (x^{2} + 4)}}}$

Step 2.10.2

Raise $x^{2} + 4$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{1} {(x^{2} + 4)}^{1}}}}$

Step 2.10.3

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{1 + 1}}}}$

Step 2.10.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{2}}}}$

Step 2.11

Rewrite $\frac{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{2}}$ as ${(\frac{1}{x^{2} + 4})}^{2} ((x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}))$ .

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Step 2.11.1

Factor the perfect power $1^{2}$ out of $(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{1^{2} ((x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}))}{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{2}}}}$

Step 2.11.2

Factor the perfect power ${(x^{2} + 4)}^{2}$ out of ${(x^{2} + 4)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{1^{2} ((x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}))}{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{2} \cdot 1}}}$

Step 2.11.3

Rearrange the fraction $\frac{1^{2} ((x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}))}{{(x^{2} + 4)}^{2} \cdot 1}$ .

$\frac{1}{\sqrt{{(\frac{1}{x^{2} + 4})}^{2} ((x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}))}}$

Step 2.12

Pull terms out from under the radical.

$\frac{1}{\frac{1}{x^{2} + 4} \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}$

Step 2.13

Combine $\frac{1}{x^{2} + 4}$ and $\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{x^{2} + 4}}$

Step 3

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$1 \frac{x^{2} + 4}{\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}$

Step 4

Multiply $\frac{x^{2} + 4}{\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{2} + 4}{\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}$

Step 5

Multiply $\frac{x^{2} + 4}{\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}$ by $\frac{\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} + 4}{\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}$

Step 6

Combine and simplify the denominator.

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Step 6.1

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})} \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}$

Step 6.2

Raise $\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{{\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}^{1} \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}$

Step 6.3

Raise $\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{{\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}^{1} {\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}^{1}}$

Step 6.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{{\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}^{1 + 1}}$

Step 6.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{{\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}^{2}}$

Step 6.6

Rewrite ${\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}^{2}$ as $(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})$ .

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Step 6.6.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}$ as ${((x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}))}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{{({((x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}))}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 6.6.2

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{{((x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}))}^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}}$

Step 6.6.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $2$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{{((x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}))}^{\frac{2}{2}}}$

Step 6.6.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 6.6.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{{((x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}))}^{\frac{2}{2}}}$

Step 6.6.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{{((x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}))}^{1}}$

Step 6.6.5

Simplify.

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}$

Step 7

Multiply $\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}$ by $\frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}{x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}$

Step 8

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})} (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}$

Step 9

Reorder.

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Step 9.1

Move $x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})} (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}{(x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) ((x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}))}$

Step 9.2

Expand the denominator using the FOIL method.

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})} (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}{(x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{4} + x^{2} \cdot 4 + x^{3} (- \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) + 4 x^{2} + 16 - 4 (x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) + x^{3} \sqrt{x^{2} + 4} + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4} \cdot 4 + x^{2} (- {\sqrt{x^{2} + 4}}^{2}))}$

Step 9.3

Simplify.

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Step 9.3.1

Subtract $x^{4}$ from $x^{4}$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})} (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}{(x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (4 x^{2} + 4 x^{2} + 16 + 0 - 4 x^{2})}$

Step 9.3.2

Add $4 x^{2} + 4 x^{2} + 16$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})} (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}{(x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (4 x^{2} + 4 x^{2} + 16 - 4 x^{2})}$

Step 9.3.3

Subtract $4 x^{2}$ from $4 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})} (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}{(x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (4 x^{2} + 16 + 0)}$

Step 9.3.4

Add $4 x^{2} + 16$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})} (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}{(x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (4 x^{2} + 16)}$

Step 10

Cancel the common factor of $x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}$ .

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Step 10.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})} (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}{(x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (4 x^{2} + 16)}$

Step 10.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{4 x^{2} + 16}$

Step 11

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{2} + 16$ .

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Step 11.1

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{4 (x^{2}) + 16}$

Step 11.2

Factor $4$ out of $16$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{4 x^{2} + 4 \cdot 4}$

Step 11.3

Factor $4$ out of $4 x^{2} + 4 \cdot 4$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{4 (x^{2} + 4)}$

Step 12

Cancel the common factor of $x^{2} + 4$ .

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Step 12.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{(x^{2} + 4) \sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{4 (x^{2} + 4)}$

Step 12.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{\sqrt{(x^{2} + 4 + x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4}) (x^{2} + 4 - x \sqrt{x^{2} + 4})}}{4}$