Pre-Algebra Examples

$- 2 x^{2} - 2 x - 1$

Step 1

Find the properties of the given parabola.

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Step 1.1

Rewrite the equation in vertex form.

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Step 1.1.1

Complete the square for $- 2 x^{2} - 2 x - 1$ .

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Step 1.1.1.1

Use the form $a x^{2} + b x + c$ , to find the values of $a$ , $b$ , and $c$ .

$a = - 2$

$b = - 2$

$c = - 1$

Step 1.1.1.2

Consider the vertex form of a parabola.

$a {(x + d)}^{2} + e$

Step 1.1.1.3

Find the value of $d$ using the formula $d = \frac{b}{2 a}$ .

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Step 1.1.1.3.1

Substitute the values of $a$ and $b$ into the formula $d = \frac{b}{2 a}$ .

$d = \frac{- 2}{2 \cdot - 2}$

Step 1.1.1.3.2

Simplify the right side.

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Step 1.1.1.3.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $- 2$ and $2$ .

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Step 1.1.1.3.2.1.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$d = \frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 \cdot - 2}$

Step 1.1.1.3.2.1.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 1.1.1.3.2.1.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 \cdot - 2$ .

$d = \frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 (- 2)}$

Step 1.1.1.3.2.1.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$d = \frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 \cdot - 2}$

Step 1.1.1.3.2.1.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$d = \frac{- 1}{- 2}$

Step 1.1.1.3.2.2

Dividing two negative values results in a positive value.

$d = \frac{1}{2}$

Step 1.1.1.4

Find the value of $e$ using the formula $e = c - \frac{b^{2}}{4 a}$ .

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Step 1.1.1.4.1

Substitute the values of $c$ , $b$ and $a$ into the formula $e = c - \frac{b^{2}}{4 a}$ .

$e = - 1 - \frac{{(- 2)}^{2}}{4 \cdot - 2}$

Step 1.1.1.4.2

Simplify the right side.

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Step 1.1.1.4.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.1.1.4.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor of ${(- 2)}^{2}$ and $- 2$ .

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Step 1.1.1.4.2.1.1.1

Factor $- 2$ out of ${(- 2)}^{2}$ .

$e = - 1 - \frac{- 2 \cdot - 2}{4 \cdot - 2}$

Step 1.1.1.4.2.1.1.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 1.1.1.4.2.1.1.2.1

Factor $- 2$ out of $4 \cdot - 2$ .

$e = - 1 - \frac{- 2 \cdot - 2}{- 2 (- 2 \cdot - 2)}$

Step 1.1.1.4.2.1.1.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$e = - 1 - \frac{- 2 \cdot - 2}{- 2 (- 2 \cdot - 2)}$

Step 1.1.1.4.2.1.1.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$e = - 1 - \frac{- 2}{- 2 \cdot - 2}$

Step 1.1.1.4.2.1.2

Cancel the common factor of $- 2$ .

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Step 1.1.1.4.2.1.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$e = - 1 - \frac{- 2}{- 2 \cdot - 2}$

Step 1.1.1.4.2.1.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$e = - 1 - \frac{1}{- 2}$

Step 1.1.1.4.2.1.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$e = - 1 - - \frac{1}{2}$

Step 1.1.1.4.2.1.4

Multiply $- - \frac{1}{2}$ .

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Step 1.1.1.4.2.1.4.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$e = - 1 + 1 (\frac{1}{2})$

Step 1.1.1.4.2.1.4.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $1$ .

$e = - 1 + \frac{1}{2}$

Step 1.1.1.4.2.2

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$e = - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2} + \frac{1}{2}$

Step 1.1.1.4.2.3

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$e = \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2} + \frac{1}{2}$

Step 1.1.1.4.2.4

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$e = \frac{- 1 \cdot 2 + 1}{2}$

Step 1.1.1.4.2.5

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 1.1.1.4.2.5.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$e = \frac{- 2 + 1}{2}$

Step 1.1.1.4.2.5.2

Add $- 2$ and $1$ .

$e = \frac{- 1}{2}$

Step 1.1.1.4.2.6

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$e = - \frac{1}{2}$

Step 1.1.1.5

Substitute the values of $a$ , $d$ , and $e$ into the vertex form $- 2 {(x + \frac{1}{2})}^{2} - \frac{1}{2}$ .

$- 2 {(x + \frac{1}{2})}^{2} - \frac{1}{2}$

Step 1.1.2

Set $y$ equal to the new right side.

$y = - 2 {(x + \frac{1}{2})}^{2} - \frac{1}{2}$

Step 1.2

Use the vertex form, $y = a {(x - h)}^{2} + k$ , to determine the values of $a$ , $h$ , and $k$ .

$a = - 2$

$h = - \frac{1}{2}$

$k = - \frac{1}{2}$

Step 1.3

Since the value of $a$ is negative, the parabola opens down.

Opens Down

Step 1.4

Find the vertex $(h, k)$ .

$(- \frac{1}{2}, - \frac{1}{2})$

Step 1.5

Find $p$ , the distance from the vertex to the focus.

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Step 1.5.1

Find the distance from the vertex to a focus of the parabola by using the following formula.

$\frac{1}{4 a}$

Step 1.5.2

Substitute the value of $a$ into the formula.

$\frac{1}{4 \cdot - 2}$

Step 1.5.3

Simplify.

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Step 1.5.3.1

Multiply $4$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{1}{- 8}$

Step 1.5.3.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{1}{8}$

Step 1.6

Find the focus.

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Step 1.6.1

The focus of a parabola can be found by adding $p$ to the y-coordinate $k$ if the parabola opens up or down.

$(h, k + p)$

Step 1.6.2

Substitute the known values of $h$ , $p$ , and $k$ into the formula and simplify.

$(- \frac{1}{2}, - \frac{5}{8})$

Step 1.7

Find the axis of symmetry by finding the line that passes through the vertex and the focus.

$x = - \frac{1}{2}$

Step 1.8

Find the directrix.

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Step 1.8.1

The directrix of a parabola is the horizontal line found by subtracting $p$ from the y-coordinate $k$ of the vertex if the parabola opens up or down.

$y = k - p$

Step 1.8.2

Substitute the known values of $p$ and $k$ into the formula and simplify.

$y = - \frac{3}{8}$

Step 1.9

Use the properties of the parabola to analyze and graph the parabola.

Direction: Opens Down

Vertex: $(- \frac{1}{2}, - \frac{1}{2})$

Focus: $(- \frac{1}{2}, - \frac{5}{8})$

Axis of Symmetry: $x = - \frac{1}{2}$

Directrix: $y = - \frac{3}{8}$

Direction: Opens Down

Vertex: $(- \frac{1}{2}, - \frac{1}{2})$

Focus: $(- \frac{1}{2}, - \frac{5}{8})$

Axis of Symmetry: $x = - \frac{1}{2}$

Directrix: $y = - \frac{3}{8}$

Step 2

Select a few $x$ values, and plug them into the equation to find the corresponding $y$ values. The $x$ values should be selected around the vertex.

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Step 2.1

Replace the variable $x$ with $- 1$ in the expression.

$f (- 1) = - 2 {(- 1)}^{2} - 2 \cdot - 1 - 1$

Step 2.2

Simplify the result.

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Step 2.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.2.1.1

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $2$ .

$f (- 1) = - 2 \cdot 1 - 2 \cdot - 1 - 1$

Step 2.2.1.2

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$f (- 1) = - 2 - 2 \cdot - 1 - 1$

Step 2.2.1.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 1$ .

$f (- 1) = - 2 + 2 - 1$

Step 2.2.2

Simplify by adding and subtracting.

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Step 2.2.2.1

Add $- 2$ and $2$ .

$f (- 1) = 0 - 1$

Step 2.2.2.2

Subtract $1$ from $0$ .

$f (- 1) = - 1$

Step 2.2.3

The final answer is $- 1$ .

$- 1$

Step 2.3

The $y$ value at $x = - 1$ is $- 1$ .

$y = - 1$

Step 2.4

Replace the variable $x$ with $- 2$ in the expression.

$f (- 2) = - 2 {(- 2)}^{2} - 2 \cdot - 2 - 1$

Step 2.5

Simplify the result.

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Step 2.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.5.1.1

Multiply $- 2$ by ${(- 2)}^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.5.1.1.1

Multiply $- 2$ by ${(- 2)}^{2}$ .

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Step 2.5.1.1.1.1

Raise $- 2$ to the power of $1$ .

$f (- 2) = (- 2) {(- 2)}^{2} - 2 \cdot - 2 - 1$

Step 2.5.1.1.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f (- 2) = {(- 2)}^{1 + 2} - 2 \cdot - 2 - 1$

Step 2.5.1.1.2

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$f (- 2) = {(- 2)}^{3} - 2 \cdot - 2 - 1$

Step 2.5.1.2

Raise $- 2$ to the power of $3$ .

$f (- 2) = - 8 - 2 \cdot - 2 - 1$

Step 2.5.1.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$f (- 2) = - 8 + 4 - 1$

Step 2.5.2

Simplify by adding and subtracting.

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Step 2.5.2.1

Add $- 8$ and $4$ .

$f (- 2) = - 4 - 1$

Step 2.5.2.2

Subtract $1$ from $- 4$ .

$f (- 2) = - 5$

Step 2.5.3

The final answer is $- 5$ .

$- 5$

Step 2.6

The $y$ value at $x = - 2$ is $- 5$ .

$y = - 5$

Step 2.7

Replace the variable $x$ with $1$ in the expression.

$f (1) = - 2 {(1)}^{2} - 2 \cdot 1 - 1$

Step 2.8

Simplify the result.

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Step 2.8.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.8.1.1

One to any power is one.

$f (1) = - 2 \cdot 1 - 2 \cdot 1 - 1$

Step 2.8.1.2

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$f (1) = - 2 - 2 \cdot 1 - 1$

Step 2.8.1.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$f (1) = - 2 - 2 - 1$

Step 2.8.2

Simplify by subtracting numbers.

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Step 2.8.2.1

Subtract $2$ from $- 2$ .

$f (1) = - 4 - 1$

Step 2.8.2.2

Subtract $1$ from $- 4$ .

$f (1) = - 5$

Step 2.8.3

The final answer is $- 5$ .

$- 5$

Step 2.9

The $y$ value at $x = 1$ is $- 5$ .

$y = - 5$

Step 2.10

Replace the variable $x$ with $2$ in the expression.

$f (2) = - 2 {(2)}^{2} - 2 \cdot 2 - 1$

Step 2.11

Simplify the result.

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Step 2.11.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.11.1.1

Raise $2$ to the power of $2$ .

$f (2) = - 2 \cdot 4 - 2 \cdot 2 - 1$

Step 2.11.1.2

Multiply $- 2$ by $4$ .

$f (2) = - 8 - 2 \cdot 2 - 1$

Step 2.11.1.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$f (2) = - 8 - 4 - 1$

Step 2.11.2

Simplify by subtracting numbers.

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Step 2.11.2.1

Subtract $4$ from $- 8$ .

$f (2) = - 12 - 1$

Step 2.11.2.2

Subtract $1$ from $- 12$ .

$f (2) = - 13$

Step 2.11.3

The final answer is $- 13$ .

$- 13$

Step 2.12

The $y$ value at $x = 2$ is $- 13$ .

$y = - 13$

Step 2.13

Graph the parabola using its properties and the selected points.

$\begin{array}{c} x & y \\ - 2 & - 5 \\ - 1 & - 1 \\ - \frac{1}{2} & - \frac{1}{2} \\ 1 & - 5 \\ 2 & - 13 \end{array}$

Step 3

Graph the parabola using its properties and the selected points.

Direction: Opens Down

Vertex: $(- \frac{1}{2}, - \frac{1}{2})$

Focus: $(- \frac{1}{2}, - \frac{5}{8})$

Axis of Symmetry: $x = - \frac{1}{2}$

Directrix: $y = - \frac{3}{8}$

$\begin{array}{c} x & y \\ - 2 & - 5 \\ - 1 & - 1 \\ - \frac{1}{2} & - \frac{1}{2} \\ 1 & - 5 \\ 2 & - 13 \end{array}$

Step 4