Linear Algebra Examples

$[\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}]$

Step 1

Set up the formula to find the characteristic equation

$p (λ)$ .

$p (λ) = determinant (A - λ I_{4})$

Step 2

The identity matrix or unit matrix of size

$4$ is the

$4 \times 4$ square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere.

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3

Substitute the known values into

$p (λ) = determinant (A - λ I_{4})$ .

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Step 3.1

Substitute

$[\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}]$ for

$A$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] - λ I_{4})$

Step 3.2

Substitute

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$ for

$I_{4}$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] - λ [\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.1.1

Multiply

$- λ$ by each element of the matrix.

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2

Simplify each element in the matrix.

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Step 4.1.2.1

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.2

Multiply

$- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.2.1

Multiply

$0$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.2.2

Multiply

$0$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.3

Multiply

$- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.3.1

Multiply

$0$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.3.2

Multiply

$0$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.4

Multiply

$- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.4.1

Multiply

$0$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.4.2

Multiply

$0$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.5

Multiply

$- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.5.1

Multiply

$0$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.5.2

Multiply

$0$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.6

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.7

Multiply

$- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.7.1

Multiply

$0$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.7.2

Multiply

$0$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.8

Multiply

$- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.8.1

Multiply

$0$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.8.2

Multiply

$0$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.9

Multiply

$- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.9.1

Multiply

$0$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.9.2

Multiply

$0$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.10

Multiply

$- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.10.1

Multiply

$0$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.10.2

Multiply

$0$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.11

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.12

Multiply

$- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.12.1

Multiply

$0$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.12.2

Multiply

$0$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.13

Multiply

$- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.13.1

Multiply

$0$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.13.2

Multiply

$0$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.14

Multiply

$- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.14.1

Multiply

$0$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.14.2

Multiply

$0$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.15

Multiply

$- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.15.1

Multiply

$0$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.15.2

Multiply

$0$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.16

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 2 & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & - λ \end{array}])$

Step 4.2

Add the corresponding elements.

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & - 4 + 0 & 2 + 0 & - 2 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 5 - λ & 5 + 0 & - 8 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 7 - λ & - 11 + 0 \\ 2 + 0 & 7 + 0 & 3 + 0 & - 3 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3

Simplify each element.

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Step 4.3.1

Add

$- 4$ and

$0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & - 4 & 2 + 0 & - 2 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 5 - λ & 5 + 0 & - 8 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 7 - λ & - 11 + 0 \\ 2 + 0 & 7 + 0 & 3 + 0 & - 3 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.2

Add

$2$ and

$0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & - 4 & 2 & - 2 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 5 - λ & 5 + 0 & - 8 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 7 - λ & - 11 + 0 \\ 2 + 0 & 7 + 0 & 3 + 0 & - 3 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.3

Add

$- 2$ and

$0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 + 0 & 5 - λ & 5 + 0 & - 8 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 7 - λ & - 11 + 0 \\ 2 + 0 & 7 + 0 & 3 + 0 & - 3 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.4

Add

$1$ and

$0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 - λ & 5 + 0 & - 8 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 7 - λ & - 11 + 0 \\ 2 + 0 & 7 + 0 & 3 + 0 & - 3 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.5

Add

$5$ and

$0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 - λ & 5 & - 8 + 0 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 7 - λ & - 11 + 0 \\ 2 + 0 & 7 + 0 & 3 + 0 & - 3 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.6

Add

$- 8$ and

$0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 - λ & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 7 - λ & - 11 + 0 \\ 2 + 0 & 7 + 0 & 3 + 0 & - 3 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.7

Add

$- 1$ and

$0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 - λ & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 + 0 & 7 - λ & - 11 + 0 \\ 2 + 0 & 7 + 0 & 3 + 0 & - 3 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.8

Add

$0$ and

$0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 - λ & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 - λ & - 11 + 0 \\ 2 + 0 & 7 + 0 & 3 + 0 & - 3 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.9

Add

$- 11$ and

$0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 - λ & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 + 0 & 7 + 0 & 3 + 0 & - 3 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.10

Add

$2$ and

$0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 - λ & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 + 0 & 3 + 0 & - 3 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.11

Add

$7$ and

$0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 - λ & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 + 0 & - 3 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.12

Add

$3$ and

$0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & - 4 & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 - λ & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 0 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 7 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 5

Find the determinant.

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Step 5.1

Choose the row or column with the most

$0$ elements. If there are no

$0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in column

$2$ by its cofactor and add.

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Step 5.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + & - \\ - & + & - & + \\ + & - & + & - \\ - & + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a

$-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 5.1.3

The minor for

$a_{12}$ is the determinant with row

$1$ and column

$2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.4

Multiply element

$a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$4 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.5

The minor for

$a_{22}$ is the determinant with row

$2$ and column

$2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.6

Multiply element

$a_{22}$ by its cofactor.

$(5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.7

The minor for

$a_{32}$ is the determinant with row

$3$ and column

$2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.8

Multiply element

$a_{32}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.9

The minor for

$a_{42}$ is the determinant with row

$4$ and column

$2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.10

Multiply element

$a_{42}$ by its cofactor.

$7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.11

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = 4 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2

Multiply

$0$ by

$| \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = 4 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3

Evaluate

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.3.1

Choose the row or column with the most

$0$ elements. If there are no

$0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row

$2$ by its cofactor and add.

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Step 5.3.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a

$-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 5.3.1.3

The minor for

$a_{21}$ is the determinant with row

$2$ and column

$1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 5 & - 8 \\ 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.1.4

Multiply element

$a_{21}$ by its cofactor.

$1 | \begin{array}{c} 5 & - 8 \\ 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.1.5

The minor for

$a_{22}$ is the determinant with row

$2$ and column

$2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.1.6

Multiply element

$a_{22}$ by its cofactor.

$(7 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.1.7

The minor for

$a_{23}$ is the determinant with row

$2$ and column

$3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.1.8

Multiply element

$a_{23}$ by its cofactor.

$11 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.1.9

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = 4 (1 | \begin{array}{c} 5 & - 8 \\ 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + (7 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 11 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.2

Evaluate

$| \begin{array}{c} 5 & - 8 \\ 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.3.2.1

The determinant of a

$2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula

$| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (1 (5 (- 3 - λ) - 3 \cdot - 8) + (7 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 11 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.2.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.3.2.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.2.2.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (1 (5 \cdot - 3 + 5 (- λ) - 3 \cdot - 8) + (7 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 11 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.2.2.1.2

Multiply

$5$ by

$- 3$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (1 (- 15 + 5 (- λ) - 3 \cdot - 8) + (7 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 11 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.2.2.1.3

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$5$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (1 (- 15 - 5 λ - 3 \cdot - 8) + (7 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 11 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.2.2.1.4

Multiply

$- 3$ by

$- 8$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (1 (- 15 - 5 λ + 24) + (7 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 11 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.2.2.2

Add

$- 15$ and

$24$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (1 (- 5 λ + 9) + (7 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 11 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.3

Evaluate

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.3.3.1

The determinant of a

$2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula

$| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (1 (- 5 λ + 9) + (7 - λ) (1 (- 3 - λ) - 2 \cdot - 8) + 11 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.3.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.3.3.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.3.2.1.1

Multiply

$- 3 - λ$ by

$1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (1 (- 5 λ + 9) + (7 - λ) (- 3 - λ - 2 \cdot - 8) + 11 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.3.2.1.2

Multiply

$- 2$ by

$- 8$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (1 (- 5 λ + 9) + (7 - λ) (- 3 - λ + 16) + 11 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.3.2.2

Add

$- 3$ and

$16$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (1 (- 5 λ + 9) + (7 - λ) (- λ + 13) + 11 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4

Evaluate

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.3.4.1

The determinant of a

$2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula

$| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (1 (- 5 λ + 9) + (7 - λ) (- λ + 13) + 11 (1 \cdot 3 - 2 \cdot 5)) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.3.4.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.4.2.1.1

Multiply

$3$ by

$1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (1 (- 5 λ + 9) + (7 - λ) (- λ + 13) + 11 (3 - 2 \cdot 5)) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.1.2

Multiply

$- 2$ by

$5$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (1 (- 5 λ + 9) + (7 - λ) (- λ + 13) + 11 (3 - 10)) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.2

Subtract

$10$ from

$3$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (1 (- 5 λ + 9) + (7 - λ) (- λ + 13) + 11 \cdot - 7) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.3.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.5.1.1

Multiply

$- 5 λ + 9$ by

$1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (- 5 λ + 9 + (7 - λ) (- λ + 13) + 11 \cdot - 7) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.1.2

Expand

$(7 - λ) (- λ + 13)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 5.3.5.1.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (- 5 λ + 9 + 7 (- λ + 13) - λ (- λ + 13) + 11 \cdot - 7) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.1.2.2

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (- 5 λ + 9 + 7 (- λ) + 7 \cdot 13 - λ (- λ + 13) + 11 \cdot - 7) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.1.2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (- 5 λ + 9 + 7 (- λ) + 7 \cdot 13 - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot 13 + 11 \cdot - 7) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.1.3

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 5.3.5.1.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.5.1.3.1.1

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$7$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (- 5 λ + 9 - 7 λ + 7 \cdot 13 - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot 13 + 11 \cdot - 7) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.1.3.1.2

Multiply

$7$ by

$13$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (- 5 λ + 9 - 7 λ + 91 - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot 13 + 11 \cdot - 7) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.1.3.1.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = 4 (- 5 λ + 9 - 7 λ + 91 - 1 \cdot - 1 λ \cdot λ - λ \cdot 13 + 11 \cdot - 7) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.1.3.1.4

Multiply

$λ$ by

$λ$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.3.5.1.3.1.4.1

Move

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (- 5 λ + 9 - 7 λ + 91 - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ \cdot λ) - λ \cdot 13 + 11 \cdot - 7) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.1.3.1.4.2

Multiply

$λ$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (- 5 λ + 9 - 7 λ + 91 - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{2} - λ \cdot 13 + 11 \cdot - 7) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.1.3.1.5

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (- 5 λ + 9 - 7 λ + 91 + 1 λ^{2} - λ \cdot 13 + 11 \cdot - 7) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.1.3.1.6

Multiply

$λ^{2}$ by

$1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (- 5 λ + 9 - 7 λ + 91 + λ^{2} - λ \cdot 13 + 11 \cdot - 7) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.1.3.1.7

Multiply

$13$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (- 5 λ + 9 - 7 λ + 91 + λ^{2} - 13 λ + 11 \cdot - 7) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.1.3.2

Subtract

$13 λ$ from

$- 7 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (- 5 λ + 9 - 20 λ + 91 + λ^{2} + 11 \cdot - 7) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.1.4

Multiply

$11$ by

$- 7$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (- 5 λ + 9 - 20 λ + 91 + λ^{2} - 77) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2

Subtract

$20 λ$ from

$- 5 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (- 25 λ + 9 + 91 + λ^{2} - 77) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.3

Add

$9$ and

$91$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (- 25 λ + 100 + λ^{2} - 77) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.4

Subtract

$77$ from

$100$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (- 25 λ + λ^{2} + 23) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.5

Reorder

$- 25 λ$ and

$λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4

Evaluate

$| \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 2 & 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.4.1

Choose the row or column with the most

$0$ elements. If there are no

$0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row

$1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Step 5.4.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a

$-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 5.4.1.3

The minor for

$a_{11}$ is the determinant with row

$1$ and column

$1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.1.4

Multiply element

$a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$(- 2 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.1.5

The minor for

$a_{12}$ is the determinant with row

$1$ and column

$2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.1.6

Multiply element

$a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.1.7

The minor for

$a_{13}$ is the determinant with row

$1$ and column

$3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.1.8

Multiply element

$a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$- 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.1.9

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2

Evaluate

$| \begin{array}{c} 7 - λ & - 11 \\ 3 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.4.2.1

The determinant of a

$2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula

$| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) ((7 - λ) (- 3 - λ) - 3 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.4.2.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.4.2.2.1.1

Expand

$(7 - λ) (- 3 - λ)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 5.4.2.2.1.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (7 (- 3 - λ) - λ (- 3 - λ) - 3 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2.2.1.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (7 \cdot - 3 + 7 (- λ) - λ (- 3 - λ) - 3 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2.2.1.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (7 \cdot - 3 + 7 (- λ) - λ \cdot - 3 - λ (- λ) - 3 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2.2.1.2

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 5.4.2.2.1.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.4.2.2.1.2.1.1

Multiply

$7$ by

$- 3$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (- 21 + 7 (- λ) - λ \cdot - 3 - λ (- λ) - 3 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2.2.1.2.1.2

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$7$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (- 21 - 7 λ - λ \cdot - 3 - λ (- λ) - 3 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2.2.1.2.1.3

Multiply

$- 3$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (- 21 - 7 λ + 3 λ - λ (- λ) - 3 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2.2.1.2.1.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (- 21 - 7 λ + 3 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ \cdot λ - 3 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2.2.1.2.1.5

Multiply

$λ$ by

$λ$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.4.2.2.1.2.1.5.1

Move

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (- 21 - 7 λ + 3 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ \cdot λ) - 3 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2.2.1.2.1.5.2

Multiply

$λ$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (- 21 - 7 λ + 3 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{2} - 3 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2.2.1.2.1.6

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (- 21 - 7 λ + 3 λ + 1 λ^{2} - 3 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2.2.1.2.1.7

Multiply

$λ^{2}$ by

$1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (- 21 - 7 λ + 3 λ + λ^{2} - 3 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2.2.1.2.2

Add

$- 7 λ$ and

$3 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (- 21 - 4 λ + λ^{2} - 3 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2.2.1.3

Multiply

$- 3$ by

$- 11$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (- 21 - 4 λ + λ^{2} + 33) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2.2.2

Add

$- 21$ and

$33$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (- 4 λ + λ^{2} + 12) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2.2.3

Reorder

$- 4 λ$ and

$λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 4 λ + 12) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.3

Evaluate

$| \begin{array}{c} - 1 & - 11 \\ 2 & - 3 - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.4.3.1

The determinant of a

$2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula

$| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 4 λ + 12) - 2 (- (- 3 - λ) - 2 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.3.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.4.3.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.4.3.2.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 4 λ + 12) - 2 (- - 3 - - λ - 2 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.3.2.1.2

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$- 3$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 4 λ + 12) - 2 (3 - - λ - 2 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.3.2.1.3

Multiply

$- - λ$ .

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Step 5.4.3.2.1.3.1

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 4 λ + 12) - 2 (3 + 1 λ - 2 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.3.2.1.3.2

Multiply

$λ$ by

$1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 4 λ + 12) - 2 (3 + λ - 2 \cdot - 11) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.3.2.1.4

Multiply

$- 2$ by

$- 11$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 4 λ + 12) - 2 (3 + λ + 22) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.3.2.2

Add

$3$ and

$22$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 4 λ + 12) - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.4

Evaluate

$| \begin{array}{c} - 1 & 7 - λ \\ 2 & 3 \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.4.4.1

The determinant of a

$2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula

$| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 4 λ + 12) - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (- 1 \cdot 3 - 2 (7 - λ))) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.4.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.4.4.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.4.4.2.1.1

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$3$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 4 λ + 12) - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (- 3 - 2 (7 - λ))) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.4.2.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 4 λ + 12) - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (- 3 - 2 \cdot 7 - 2 (- λ))) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.4.2.1.3

Multiply

$- 2$ by

$7$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 4 λ + 12) - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (- 3 - 14 - 2 (- λ))) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.4.2.1.4

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$- 2$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 4 λ + 12) - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (- 3 - 14 + 2 λ)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.4.2.2

Subtract

$14$ from

$- 3$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 4 λ + 12) - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (- 17 + 2 λ)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.4.2.3

Reorder

$- 17$ and

$2 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) ((- 2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 4 λ + 12) - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.4.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.4.5.1.1

Expand

$(- 2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 4 λ + 12)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- 2 λ^{2} - 2 (- 4 λ) - 2 \cdot 12 - λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (- 4 λ) - λ \cdot 12 - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.4.5.1.2.1

Multiply

$- 4$ by

$- 2$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- 2 λ^{2} + 8 λ - 2 \cdot 12 - λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (- 4 λ) - λ \cdot 12 - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.2.2

Multiply

$- 2$ by

$12$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- 2 λ^{2} + 8 λ - 24 - λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (- 4 λ) - λ \cdot 12 - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.2.3

Multiply

$λ$ by

$λ^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.4.5.1.2.3.1

Move

$λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- 2 λ^{2} + 8 λ - 24 - (λ^{2} λ) - λ (- 4 λ) - λ \cdot 12 - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.2.3.2

Multiply

$λ^{2}$ by

$λ$ .

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Step 5.4.5.1.2.3.2.1

Raise

$λ$ to the power of

$1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- 2 λ^{2} + 8 λ - 24 - (λ^{2} λ^{1}) - λ (- 4 λ) - λ \cdot 12 - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.2.3.2.2

Use the power rule

$a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- 2 λ^{2} + 8 λ - 24 - λ^{2 + 1} - λ (- 4 λ) - λ \cdot 12 - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.2.3.3

Add

$2$ and

$1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- 2 λ^{2} + 8 λ - 24 - λ^{3} - λ (- 4 λ) - λ \cdot 12 - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.2.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- 2 λ^{2} + 8 λ - 24 - λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 4 λ \cdot λ - λ \cdot 12 - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.2.5

Multiply

$λ$ by

$λ$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.4.5.1.2.5.1

Move

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- 2 λ^{2} + 8 λ - 24 - λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 4 (λ \cdot λ) - λ \cdot 12 - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.2.5.2

Multiply

$λ$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- 2 λ^{2} + 8 λ - 24 - λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 4 λ^{2} - λ \cdot 12 - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.2.6

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$- 4$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- 2 λ^{2} + 8 λ - 24 - λ^{3} + 4 λ^{2} - λ \cdot 12 - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.2.7

Multiply

$12$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- 2 λ^{2} + 8 λ - 24 - λ^{3} + 4 λ^{2} - 12 λ - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.3

Add

$- 2 λ^{2}$ and

$4 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (2 λ^{2} + 8 λ - 24 - λ^{3} - 12 λ - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.4

Subtract

$12 λ$ from

$8 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (2 λ^{2} - 4 λ - 24 - λ^{3} - 2 (λ + 25) - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.5

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (2 λ^{2} - 4 λ - 24 - λ^{3} - 2 λ - 2 \cdot 25 - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.6

Multiply

$- 2$ by

$25$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (2 λ^{2} - 4 λ - 24 - λ^{3} - 2 λ - 50 - 2 (2 λ - 17)) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.7

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (2 λ^{2} - 4 λ - 24 - λ^{3} - 2 λ - 50 - 2 (2 λ) - 2 \cdot - 17) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.8

Multiply

$2$ by

$- 2$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (2 λ^{2} - 4 λ - 24 - λ^{3} - 2 λ - 50 - 4 λ - 2 \cdot - 17) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.1.9

Multiply

$- 2$ by

$- 17$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (2 λ^{2} - 4 λ - 24 - λ^{3} - 2 λ - 50 - 4 λ + 34) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2

Subtract

$2 λ$ from

$- 4 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (2 λ^{2} - 6 λ - 24 - λ^{3} - 50 - 4 λ + 34) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.3

Subtract

$4 λ$ from

$- 6 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 24 - λ^{3} - 50 + 34) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.4

Subtract

$50$ from

$- 24$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - λ^{3} - 74 + 34) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.5

Add

$- 74$ and

$34$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - λ^{3} - 40) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.6

Move

$- 10 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (2 λ^{2} - λ^{3} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.7

Reorder

$2 λ^{2}$ and

$- λ^{3}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 | \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.5

Evaluate

$| \begin{array}{c} - 2 - λ & 2 & - 2 \\ 1 & 5 & - 8 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.5.1

Choose the row or column with the most

$0$ elements. If there are no

$0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row

$1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Step 5.5.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 5.5.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a

$-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 5.5.1.3

The minor for

$a_{11}$ is the determinant with row

$1$ and column

$1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 5 & - 8 \\ 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.5.1.4

Multiply element

$a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$(- 2 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 5 & - 8 \\ 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.5.1.5

The minor for

$a_{12}$ is the determinant with row

$1$ and column

$2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ - 1 & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.5.1.6

Multiply element

$a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ - 1 & - 11 \end{array} |$

Step 5.5.1.7

The minor for

$a_{13}$ is the determinant with row

$1$ and column

$3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.5.1.8

Multiply element

$a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$- 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.5.1.9

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 5 & - 8 \\ 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ - 1 & - 11 \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.2

Evaluate

$| \begin{array}{c} 5 & - 8 \\ 7 - λ & - 11 \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.5.2.1

The determinant of a

$2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula

$| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (5 \cdot - 11 - (7 - λ) \cdot - 8) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ - 1 & - 11 \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.2.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.5.2.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.5.2.2.1.1

Multiply

$5$ by

$- 11$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 55 - (7 - λ) \cdot - 8) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ - 1 & - 11 \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.2.2.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 55 + (- 1 \cdot 7 - - λ) \cdot - 8) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ - 1 & - 11 \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.2.2.1.3

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$7$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 55 + (- 7 - - λ) \cdot - 8) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ - 1 & - 11 \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.2.2.1.4

Multiply

$- - λ$ .

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Step 5.5.2.2.1.4.1

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 55 + (- 7 + 1 λ) \cdot - 8) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ - 1 & - 11 \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.2.2.1.4.2

Multiply

$λ$ by

$1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 55 + (- 7 + λ) \cdot - 8) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ - 1 & - 11 \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.2.2.1.5

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 55 - 7 \cdot - 8 + λ \cdot - 8) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ - 1 & - 11 \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.2.2.1.6

Multiply

$- 7$ by

$- 8$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 55 + 56 + λ \cdot - 8) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ - 1 & - 11 \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.2.2.1.7

Move

$- 8$ to the left of

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 55 + 56 - 8 λ) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ - 1 & - 11 \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.2.2.2

Add

$- 55$ and

$56$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (1 - 8 λ) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ - 1 & - 11 \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.2.2.3

Reorder

$1$ and

$- 8 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 8 λ + 1) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ - 1 & - 11 \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.3

Evaluate

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 8 \\ - 1 & - 11 \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.5.3.1

The determinant of a

$2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula

$| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 8 λ + 1) - 2 (1 \cdot - 11 - - - 8) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.3.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.5.3.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.5.3.2.1.1

Multiply

$- 11$ by

$1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 8 λ + 1) - 2 (- 11 - - - 8) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.3.2.1.2

Multiply

$- - - 8$ .

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Step 5.5.3.2.1.2.1

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$- 8$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 8 λ + 1) - 2 (- 11 - 1 \cdot 8) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.3.2.1.2.2

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$8$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 8 λ + 1) - 2 (- 11 - 8) - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.3.2.2

Subtract

$8$ from

$- 11$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 8 λ + 1) - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.4

Evaluate

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 5 \\ - 1 & 7 - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.5.4.1

The determinant of a

$2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula

$| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 8 λ + 1) - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 (1 (7 - λ) - (- 1 \cdot 5)))$

Step 5.5.4.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.5.4.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.5.4.2.1.1

Multiply

$7 - λ$ by

$1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 8 λ + 1) - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 (7 - λ - (- 1 \cdot 5)))$

Step 5.5.4.2.1.2

Multiply

$- (- 1 \cdot 5)$ .

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Step 5.5.4.2.1.2.1

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$5$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 8 λ + 1) - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 (7 - λ - - 5))$

Step 5.5.4.2.1.2.2

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$- 5$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 8 λ + 1) - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 (7 - λ + 5))$

Step 5.5.4.2.2

Add $7$ and $5$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 ((- 2 - λ) (- 8 λ + 1) - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 (- λ + 12))$

Step 5.5.5

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.5.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.5.5.1.1

Expand $(- 2 - λ) (- 8 λ + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 5.5.5.1.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (- 2 (- 8 λ + 1) - λ (- 8 λ + 1) - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 (- λ + 12))$

Step 5.5.5.1.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (- 2 (- 8 λ) - 2 \cdot 1 - λ (- 8 λ + 1) - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 (- λ + 12))$

Step 5.5.5.1.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (- 2 (- 8 λ) - 2 \cdot 1 - λ (- 8 λ) - λ \cdot 1 - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 (- λ + 12))$

Step 5.5.5.1.2

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 5.5.5.1.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.5.5.1.2.1.1

Multiply $- 8$ by $- 2$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (16 λ - 2 \cdot 1 - λ (- 8 λ) - λ \cdot 1 - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 (- λ + 12))$

Step 5.5.5.1.2.1.2

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (16 λ - 2 - λ (- 8 λ) - λ \cdot 1 - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 (- λ + 12))$

Step 5.5.5.1.2.1.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (16 λ - 2 - 1 \cdot - 8 λ \cdot λ - λ \cdot 1 - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 (- λ + 12))$

Step 5.5.5.1.2.1.4

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.5.5.1.2.1.4.1

Move $λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (16 λ - 2 - 1 \cdot - 8 (λ \cdot λ) - λ \cdot 1 - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 (- λ + 12))$

Step 5.5.5.1.2.1.4.2

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (16 λ - 2 - 1 \cdot - 8 λ^{2} - λ \cdot 1 - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 (- λ + 12))$

Step 5.5.5.1.2.1.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 8$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (16 λ - 2 + 8 λ^{2} - λ \cdot 1 - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 (- λ + 12))$

Step 5.5.5.1.2.1.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (16 λ - 2 + 8 λ^{2} - λ - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 (- λ + 12))$

Step 5.5.5.1.2.2

Subtract $λ$ from $16 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (15 λ - 2 + 8 λ^{2} - 2 \cdot - 19 - 2 (- λ + 12))$

Step 5.5.5.1.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 19$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (15 λ - 2 + 8 λ^{2} + 38 - 2 (- λ + 12))$

Step 5.5.5.1.4

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (15 λ - 2 + 8 λ^{2} + 38 - 2 (- λ) - 2 \cdot 12)$

Step 5.5.5.1.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (15 λ - 2 + 8 λ^{2} + 38 + 2 λ - 2 \cdot 12)$

Step 5.5.5.1.6

Multiply $- 2$ by $12$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (15 λ - 2 + 8 λ^{2} + 38 + 2 λ - 24)$

Step 5.5.5.2

Add $15 λ$ and $2 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (17 λ - 2 + 8 λ^{2} + 38 - 24)$

Step 5.5.5.3

Add $- 2$ and $38$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (17 λ + 8 λ^{2} + 36 - 24)$

Step 5.5.5.4

Subtract $24$ from $36$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (17 λ + 8 λ^{2} + 12)$

Step 5.5.5.5

Reorder $17 λ$ and $8 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 0 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.6.1

Add $4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40)$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = 4 (λ^{2} - 25 λ + 23) + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.6.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} + 4 (- 25 λ) + 4 \cdot 23 + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.2

Simplify.

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Step 5.6.2.2.1

Multiply $- 25$ by $4$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 4 \cdot 23 + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.2.2

Multiply $4$ by $23$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 + (5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40) + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.3

Expand $(5 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 40)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 + 5 (- λ^{3}) + 5 (2 λ^{2}) + 5 (- 10 λ) + 5 \cdot - 40 - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (2 λ^{2}) - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.6.2.4.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $5$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 5 (2 λ^{2}) + 5 (- 10 λ) + 5 \cdot - 40 - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (2 λ^{2}) - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.2

Multiply $2$ by $5$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} + 5 (- 10 λ) + 5 \cdot - 40 - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (2 λ^{2}) - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.3

Multiply $- 10$ by $5$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ + 5 \cdot - 40 - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (2 λ^{2}) - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.4

Multiply $5$ by $- 40$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (2 λ^{2}) - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.5

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 - 1 \cdot - 1 λ \cdot λ^{3} - λ (2 λ^{2}) - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.6

Multiply $λ$ by $λ^{3}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.6.2.4.6.1

Move $λ^{3}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ^{3} λ) - λ (2 λ^{2}) - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.6.2

Multiply $λ^{3}$ by $λ$ .

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Step 5.6.2.4.6.2.1

Raise $λ$ to the power of $1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ^{3} λ^{1}) - λ (2 λ^{2}) - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.6.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{3 + 1} - λ (2 λ^{2}) - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.6.3

Add $3$ and $1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{4} - λ (2 λ^{2}) - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.7

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 + 1 λ^{4} - λ (2 λ^{2}) - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.8

Multiply $λ^{4}$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 + λ^{4} - λ (2 λ^{2}) - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.9

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot 2 λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.10

Multiply $λ$ by $λ^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.6.2.4.10.1

Move $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot 2 (λ^{2} λ) - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.10.2

Multiply $λ^{2}$ by $λ$ .

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Step 5.6.2.4.10.2.1

Raise $λ$ to the power of $1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot 2 (λ^{2} λ^{1}) - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.10.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot 2 λ^{2 + 1} - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.10.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot 2 λ^{3} - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.11

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 + λ^{4} - 2 λ^{3} - λ (- 10 λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.12

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 + λ^{4} - 2 λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 10 λ \cdot λ - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.13

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.6.2.4.13.1

Move $λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 + λ^{4} - 2 λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 10 (λ \cdot λ) - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.13.2

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 + λ^{4} - 2 λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 10 λ^{2} - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.14

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 10$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 + λ^{4} - 2 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - λ \cdot - 40 + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.4.15

Multiply $- 40$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 5 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 + λ^{4} - 2 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} + 40 λ + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.5

Subtract $2 λ^{3}$ from $- 5 λ^{3}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 7 λ^{3} + 10 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 + λ^{4} + 10 λ^{2} + 40 λ + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.6

Add $10 λ^{2}$ and $10 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 7 λ^{3} + 20 λ^{2} - 50 λ - 200 + λ^{4} + 40 λ + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.7

Add $- 50 λ$ and $40 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 7 λ^{3} + 20 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 200 + λ^{4} + 7 (8 λ^{2} + 17 λ + 12)$

Step 5.6.2.8

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 7 λ^{3} + 20 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 200 + λ^{4} + 7 (8 λ^{2}) + 7 (17 λ) + 7 \cdot 12$

Step 5.6.2.9

Simplify.

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Step 5.6.2.9.1

Multiply $8$ by $7$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 7 λ^{3} + 20 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 200 + λ^{4} + 56 λ^{2} + 7 (17 λ) + 7 \cdot 12$

Step 5.6.2.9.2

Multiply $17$ by $7$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 7 λ^{3} + 20 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 200 + λ^{4} + 56 λ^{2} + 119 λ + 7 \cdot 12$

Step 5.6.2.9.3

Multiply $7$ by $12$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 7 λ^{3} + 20 λ^{2} - 10 λ - 200 + λ^{4} + 56 λ^{2} + 119 λ + 84$

Step 5.6.3

Add $4 λ^{2}$ and $20 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 24 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 7 λ^{3} - 10 λ - 200 + λ^{4} + 56 λ^{2} + 119 λ + 84$

Step 5.6.4

Add $24 λ^{2}$ and $56 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 80 λ^{2} - 100 λ + 92 - 7 λ^{3} - 10 λ - 200 + λ^{4} + 119 λ + 84$

Step 5.6.5

Subtract $10 λ$ from $- 100 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 80 λ^{2} - 110 λ + 92 - 7 λ^{3} - 200 + λ^{4} + 119 λ + 84$

Step 5.6.6

Add $- 110 λ$ and $119 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 80 λ^{2} + 9 λ + 92 - 7 λ^{3} - 200 + λ^{4} + 84$

Step 5.6.7

Subtract $200$ from $92$ .

$p (λ) = 80 λ^{2} + 9 λ - 7 λ^{3} - 108 + λ^{4} + 84$

Step 5.6.8

Add $- 108$ and $84$ .

$p (λ) = 80 λ^{2} + 9 λ - 7 λ^{3} + λ^{4} - 24$

Step 5.6.9

Move $9 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 80 λ^{2} - 7 λ^{3} + λ^{4} + 9 λ - 24$

Step 5.6.10

Move $80 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = - 7 λ^{3} + λ^{4} + 80 λ^{2} + 9 λ - 24$

Step 5.6.11

Reorder $- 7 λ^{3}$ and $λ^{4}$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{4} - 7 λ^{3} + 80 λ^{2} + 9 λ - 24$