Linear Algebra Examples

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}]$

Step 1

Find the eigenvalues.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.1

Set up the formula to find the characteristic equation $p (λ)$ .

$p (λ) = determinant (A - λ I_{4})$

Step 1.2

The identity matrix or unit matrix of size $4$ is the $4 \times 4$ square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere.

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 1.3

Substitute the known values into $p (λ) = determinant (A - λ I_{4})$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.3.1

Substitute $[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}]$ for $A$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] - λ I_{4})$

Step 1.3.2

Substitute $[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$ for $I_{4}$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] - λ [\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.1.1

Multiply $- λ$ by each element of the matrix.

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2

Simplify each element in the matrix.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.1.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.2

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.1.2.2.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.2.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.3

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.1.2.3.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.3.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.4

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.1.2.4.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.4.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.5

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.1.2.5.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.5.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.7

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.1.2.7.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.7.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.8

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.1.2.8.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.8.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.9

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.1.2.9.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.9.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.10

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.1.2.10.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.10.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.11

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.12

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.1.2.12.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.12.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.13

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.1.2.13.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.13.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.14

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.1.2.14.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.14.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.15

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.1.2.15.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.15.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.1.2.16

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & - λ \end{array}])$

Step 1.4.2

Add the corresponding elements.

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 1.4.3

Simplify each element.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.4.3.1

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 1.4.3.2

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 1.4.3.3

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 1.4.3.4

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 1.4.3.5

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 1.4.3.6

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 1.4.3.7

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 1.4.3.8

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 1.4.3.9

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 1.4.3.10

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 1.4.3.11

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 1.4.3.12

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 1.5

Find the determinant.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + & - \\ - & + & - & + \\ + & - & + & - \\ - & + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 1.5.1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$(- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.1.9

The minor for $a_{14}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $4$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.1.10

Multiply element $a_{14}$ by its cofactor.

$- 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.1.11

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.2

Multiply $0$ by $| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.3

Multiply $0$ by $| \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $3$ by its cofactor and add.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 1.5.4.1.3

The minor for $a_{31}$ is the determinant with row $3$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ - 1 - λ & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.1.4

Multiply element $a_{31}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ - 1 - λ & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.1.5

The minor for $a_{32}$ is the determinant with row $3$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.1.6

Multiply element $a_{32}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.1.7

The minor for $a_{33}$ is the determinant with row $3$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.1.8

Multiply element $a_{33}$ by its cofactor.

$(- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.1.9

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ - 1 - λ & 0 \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.2

Multiply $0$ by $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ - 1 - λ & 0 \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.3

Multiply $0$ by $| \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & - 1 - λ \end{array} |$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.4.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) ((- 1 - λ) (- 1 - λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2

Simplify the determinant.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.1

Expand $(- 1 - λ) (- 1 - λ)$ using the FOIL Method.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (- 1 (- 1 - λ) - λ (- 1 - λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (- 1 \cdot - 1 - 1 (- λ) - λ (- 1 - λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (- 1 \cdot - 1 - 1 (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.2

Simplify and combine like terms.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 - 1 (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.2

Multiply $- 1 (- λ)$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + 1 λ - λ \cdot - 1 - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.2.2

Multiply $λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ - λ \cdot - 1 - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.3

Multiply $- λ \cdot - 1$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.3.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ + 1 λ - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.3.2

Multiply $λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ + λ - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ + λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ \cdot λ - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.5

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.5.1

Move $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ + λ - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ \cdot λ) - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.5.2

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ + λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ + λ + 1 λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.1.7

Multiply $λ^{2}$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ + λ + λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.2.2

Add $λ$ and $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + 2 λ + λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.1.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (1 + 2 λ + λ^{2} - 1)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.2

Combine the opposite terms in $1 + 2 λ + λ^{2} - 1$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.4.2.2.1

Subtract $1$ from $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (2 λ + λ^{2} + 0)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.2.2

Add $2 λ + λ^{2}$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (2 λ + λ^{2})) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.4.2.3

Reorder $2 λ$ and $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (λ^{2} + 2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5

Simplify the determinant.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.5.1

Combine the opposite terms in $0 + 0 + (- 1 - λ) (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.5.1.1

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (0 + (- 1 - λ) (λ^{2} + 2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.1.2

Add $0$ and $(- 1 - λ) (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) ((- 1 - λ) (λ^{2} + 2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.2

Expand $(- 1 - λ) (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$ using the FOIL Method.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.5.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ) - λ (λ^{2} + 2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.2.2

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- 1 λ^{2} - 1 (2 λ) - λ (λ^{2} + 2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- 1 λ^{2} - 1 (2 λ) - λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.3

Simplify and combine like terms.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.5.3.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.5.3.1.1

Rewrite $- 1 λ^{2}$ as $- λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 1 (2 λ) - λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.3.1.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.3.1.3

Multiply $λ$ by $λ^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.5.3.1.3.1

Move $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - (λ^{2} λ) - λ (2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.3.1.3.2

Multiply $λ^{2}$ by $λ$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.5.3.1.3.2.1

Raise $λ$ to the power of $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - (λ^{2} λ^{1}) - λ (2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.3.1.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{2 + 1} - λ (2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.3.1.3.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3} - λ (2 λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.3.1.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3} - 1 \cdot 2 λ \cdot λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.3.1.5

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.4.5.3.1.5.1

Move $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3} - 1 \cdot 2 (λ \cdot λ)) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.3.1.5.2

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3} - 1 \cdot 2 λ^{2}) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.3.1.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3} - 2 λ^{2}) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.3.2

Subtract $2 λ^{2}$ from $- λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3}) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.4

Move $- 2 λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- 3 λ^{2} - λ^{3} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.4.5.5

Reorder $- 3 λ^{2}$ and $- λ^{3}$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.5

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.5.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.5.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.5.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 1.5.5.1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.5.1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 0 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.5.1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.5.1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.5.1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.5.1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5.5.1.9

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 0 & 0 \end{array} | - (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Step 1.5.5.2

Multiply $0$ by $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & - 1 - λ \\ 0 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Step 1.5.5.3

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.5.3.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (0 \cdot 0 - (- 1 - λ)) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Step 1.5.5.3.2

Simplify the determinant.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.5.3.2.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.5.3.2.1.1

Multiply $0$ by $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (0 - (- 1 - λ)) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Step 1.5.5.3.2.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (0 - - 1 - - λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Step 1.5.5.3.2.1.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (0 + 1 - - λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Step 1.5.5.3.2.1.4

Multiply $- - λ$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.5.3.2.1.4.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (0 + 1 + 1 λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Step 1.5.5.3.2.1.4.2

Multiply $λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (0 + 1 + λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Step 1.5.5.3.2.2

Add $0$ and $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (1 + λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Step 1.5.5.3.2.3

Reorder $1$ and $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (λ + 1) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |)$

Step 1.5.5.4

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.5.4.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (λ + 1) + 1 (0 \cdot 0 - 1 \cdot 1))$

Step 1.5.5.4.2

Simplify the determinant.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.5.4.2.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.5.4.2.1.1

Multiply $0$ by $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (λ + 1) + 1 (0 - 1 \cdot 1))$

Step 1.5.5.4.2.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (λ + 1) + 1 (0 - 1))$

Step 1.5.5.4.2.2

Subtract $1$ from $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (0 - (- 1 - λ) (λ + 1) + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Step 1.5.5.5

Simplify the determinant.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.5.5.1

Subtract $(- 1 - λ) (λ + 1)$ from $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (- (- 1 - λ) (λ + 1) + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Step 1.5.5.5.2

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.5.5.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 ((- - 1 - - λ) (λ + 1) + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Step 1.5.5.5.2.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 ((1 - - λ) (λ + 1) + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Step 1.5.5.5.2.3

Multiply $- - λ$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.5.5.2.3.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 ((1 + 1 λ) (λ + 1) + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Step 1.5.5.5.2.3.2

Multiply $λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 ((1 + λ) (λ + 1) + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Step 1.5.5.5.2.4

Expand $(1 + λ) (λ + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.5.5.2.4.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (1 (λ + 1) + λ (λ + 1) + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Step 1.5.5.5.2.4.2

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (1 λ + 1 \cdot 1 + λ (λ + 1) + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Step 1.5.5.5.2.4.3

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (1 λ + 1 \cdot 1 + λ \cdot λ + λ \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Step 1.5.5.5.2.5

Simplify and combine like terms.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.5.5.2.5.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.5.5.2.5.1.1

Multiply $λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (λ + 1 \cdot 1 + λ \cdot λ + λ \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Step 1.5.5.5.2.5.1.2

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (λ + 1 + λ \cdot λ + λ \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Step 1.5.5.5.2.5.1.3

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (λ + 1 + λ^{2} + λ \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Step 1.5.5.5.2.5.1.4

Multiply $λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (λ + 1 + λ^{2} + λ + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Step 1.5.5.5.2.5.2

Add $λ$ and $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (2 λ + 1 + λ^{2} + 1 \cdot - 1)$

Step 1.5.5.5.2.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (2 λ + 1 + λ^{2} - 1)$

Step 1.5.5.5.3

Combine the opposite terms in $2 λ + 1 + λ^{2} - 1$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.5.5.3.1

Subtract $1$ from $1$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (2 λ + λ^{2} + 0)$

Step 1.5.5.5.3.2

Add $2 λ + λ^{2}$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (2 λ + λ^{2})$

Step 1.5.5.5.4

Reorder $2 λ$ and $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6

Simplify the determinant.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.6.1

Combine the opposite terms in $(- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 + 0 - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.6.1.1

Add $(- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ)$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0 - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.1.2

Add $(- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ)$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = (- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.6.2.1

Expand $(- 1 - λ) (- λ^{3} - 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$p (λ) = - 1 (- λ^{3}) - 1 (- 3 λ^{2}) - 1 (- 2 λ) - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.6.2.2.1

Multiply $- 1 (- λ^{3})$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.6.2.2.1.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = 1 λ^{3} - 1 (- 3 λ^{2}) - 1 (- 2 λ) - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.1.2

Multiply $λ^{3}$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} - 1 (- 3 λ^{2}) - 1 (- 2 λ) - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.2

Multiply $- 3$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - 1 (- 2 λ) - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ \cdot λ^{3} - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.5

Multiply $λ$ by $λ^{3}$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.6.2.2.5.1

Move $λ^{3}$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ^{3} λ) - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.5.2

Multiply $λ^{3}$ by $λ$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.6.2.2.5.2.1

Raise $λ$ to the power of $1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ^{3} λ^{1}) - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.5.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{3 + 1} - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.5.3

Add $3$ and $1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{4} - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + 1 λ^{4} - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.7

Multiply $λ^{4}$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - λ (- 3 λ^{2}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.8

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot - 3 λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.9

Multiply $λ$ by $λ^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.6.2.2.9.1

Move $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot - 3 (λ^{2} λ) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.9.2

Multiply $λ^{2}$ by $λ$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.6.2.2.9.2.1

Raise $λ$ to the power of $1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot - 3 (λ^{2} λ^{1}) - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.9.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot - 3 λ^{2 + 1} - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.9.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot - 3 λ^{3} - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.10

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 3$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} + 3 λ^{3} - λ (- 2 λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.11

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} + 3 λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 2 λ \cdot λ - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.12

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.6.2.2.12.1

Move $λ$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} + 3 λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 2 (λ \cdot λ) - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.12.2

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} + 3 λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 2 λ^{2} - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.2.13

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} + 3 λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.3

Add $λ^{3}$ and $3 λ^{3}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} + 2 λ^{2} - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.4

Add $3 λ^{2}$ and $2 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - 1 (λ^{2} + 2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.5

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - 1 λ^{2} - 1 (2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.6

Rewrite $- 1 λ^{2}$ as $- λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - λ^{2} - 1 (2 λ)$

Step 1.5.6.2.7

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - λ^{2} - 2 λ$

Step 1.5.6.3

Combine the opposite terms in $4 λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + 2 λ + λ^{4} - λ^{2} - 2 λ$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.5.6.3.1

Subtract $2 λ$ from $2 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + λ^{4} - λ^{2} + 0$

Step 1.5.6.3.2

Add $4 λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + λ^{4} - λ^{2}$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + λ^{4} - λ^{2}$

Step 1.5.6.4

Subtract $λ^{2}$ from $5 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 4 λ^{3} + λ^{4} + 4 λ^{2}$

Step 1.5.6.5

Reorder $4 λ^{3}$ and $λ^{4}$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{4} + 4 λ^{3} + 4 λ^{2}$

Step 1.6

Set the characteristic polynomial equal to $0$ to find the eigenvalues $λ$ .

$λ^{4} + 4 λ^{3} + 4 λ^{2} = 0$

Step 1.7

Solve for $λ$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.7.1

Factor the left side of the equation.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.7.1.1

Factor $λ^{2}$ out of $λ^{4} + 4 λ^{3} + 4 λ^{2}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.7.1.1.1

Factor $λ^{2}$ out of $λ^{4}$ .

$λ^{2} λ^{2} + 4 λ^{3} + 4 λ^{2} = 0$

Step 1.7.1.1.2

Factor $λ^{2}$ out of $4 λ^{3}$ .

$λ^{2} λ^{2} + λ^{2} (4 λ) + 4 λ^{2} = 0$

Step 1.7.1.1.3

Factor $λ^{2}$ out of $4 λ^{2}$ .

$λ^{2} λ^{2} + λ^{2} (4 λ) + λ^{2} \cdot 4 = 0$

Step 1.7.1.1.4

Factor $λ^{2}$ out of $λ^{2} λ^{2} + λ^{2} (4 λ)$ .

$λ^{2} (λ^{2} + 4 λ) + λ^{2} \cdot 4 = 0$

Step 1.7.1.1.5

Factor $λ^{2}$ out of $λ^{2} (λ^{2} + 4 λ) + λ^{2} \cdot 4$ .

$λ^{2} (λ^{2} + 4 λ + 4) = 0$

Step 1.7.1.2

Factor using the perfect square rule.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.7.1.2.1

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$λ^{2} (λ^{2} + 4 λ + 2^{2}) = 0$

Step 1.7.1.2.2

Check that the middle term is two times the product of the numbers being squared in the first term and third term.

$4 λ = 2 \cdot λ \cdot 2$

Step 1.7.1.2.3

Rewrite the polynomial.

$λ^{2} (λ^{2} + 2 \cdot λ \cdot 2 + 2^{2}) = 0$

Step 1.7.1.2.4

Factor using the perfect square trinomial rule $a^{2} + 2 a b + b^{2} = {(a + b)}^{2}$ , where $a = λ$ and $b = 2$ .

$λ^{2} {(λ + 2)}^{2} = 0$

Step 1.7.2

If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to $0$ , the entire expression will be equal to $0$ .

$λ^{2} = 0$

${(λ + 2)}^{2} = 0$

Step 1.7.3

Set $λ^{2}$ equal to $0$ and solve for $λ$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.7.3.1

Set $λ^{2}$ equal to $0$ .

$λ^{2} = 0$

Step 1.7.3.2

Solve $λ^{2} = 0$ for $λ$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.7.3.2.1

Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.

$λ = \pm \sqrt{0}$

Step 1.7.3.2.2

Simplify $\pm \sqrt{0}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.7.3.2.2.1

Rewrite $0$ as $0^{2}$ .

$λ = \pm \sqrt{0^{2}}$

Step 1.7.3.2.2.2

Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming positive real numbers.

$λ = \pm 0$

Step 1.7.3.2.2.3

Plus or minus $0$ is $0$ .

$λ = 0$

Step 1.7.4

Set ${(λ + 2)}^{2}$ equal to $0$ and solve for $λ$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.7.4.1

Set ${(λ + 2)}^{2}$ equal to $0$ .

${(λ + 2)}^{2} = 0$

Step 1.7.4.2

Solve ${(λ + 2)}^{2} = 0$ for $λ$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.7.4.2.1

Set the $λ + 2$ equal to $0$ .

$λ + 2 = 0$

Step 1.7.4.2.2

Subtract $2$ from both sides of the equation.

$λ = - 2$

Step 1.7.5

The final solution is all the values that make $λ^{2} {(λ + 2)}^{2} = 0$ true.

$λ = 0, - 2$

Step 2

The eigenvector is equal to the null space of the matrix minus the eigenvalue times the identity matrix where $N$ is the null space and $I$ is the identity matrix.

$ε_{A} = N (A - λ I_{4})$

Step 3

Find the eigenvector using the eigenvalue $λ = 0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.1

Substitute the known values into the formula.

$N ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + 0 [\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}])$

Step 3.2

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.1.1

Multiply $0$ by each element of the matrix.

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.1.2

Simplify each element in the matrix.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.1.2.1

Multiply $0$ by $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.1.2.2

Multiply $0$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.1.2.3

Multiply $0$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.1.2.4

Multiply $0$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.1.2.5

Multiply $0$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.1.2.6

Multiply $0$ by $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.1.2.7

Multiply $0$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.1.2.8

Multiply $0$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.1.2.9

Multiply $0$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.1.2.10

Multiply $0$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \cdot 1 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.1.2.11

Multiply $0$ by $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \cdot 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.1.2.12

Multiply $0$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.1.2.13

Multiply $0$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.1.2.14

Multiply $0$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \cdot 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.1.2.15

Multiply $0$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.1.2.16

Multiply $0$ by $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2

Adding any matrix to a null matrix is the matrix itself.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.2.1

Add the corresponding elements.

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2.2

Simplify each element.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.2.2.1

Add $- 1$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2.2.2

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2.2.3

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2.2.4

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2.2.5

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2.2.6

Add $- 1$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2.2.7

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2.2.8

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2.2.9

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2.2.10

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2.2.11

Add $- 1$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2.2.12

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2.2.13

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2.2.14

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2.2.15

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 + 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2.2.16

Add $- 1$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.3

Find the null space when $λ = 0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.1

Write as an augmented matrix for $A x = 0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.3.2

Find the reduced row echelon form.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.2.1

Multiply each element of $R_{1}$ by $- 1$ to make the entry at $1, 1$ a $1$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.2.1.1

Multiply each element of $R_{1}$ by $- 1$ to make the entry at $1, 1$ a $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - - 1 & - 0 & - 0 & - 1 \cdot 1 & - 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.3.2.1.2

Simplify $R_{1}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.3.2.2

Perform the row operation $R_{4} = R_{4} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at $4, 1$ a $0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.2.2.1

Perform the row operation $R_{4} = R_{4} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at $4, 1$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 - 1 & 0 - 0 & 0 - 0 & - 1 + 1 & 0 - 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.3.2.2.2

Simplify $R_{4}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.3.2.3

Multiply each element of $R_{2}$ by $- 1$ to make the entry at $2, 2$ a $1$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.2.3.1

Multiply each element of $R_{2}$ by $- 1$ to make the entry at $2, 2$ a $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ - 0 & - - 1 & - 1 \cdot 1 & - 0 & - 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.3.2.3.2

Simplify $R_{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.3.2.4

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} - R_{2}$ to make the entry at $3, 2$ a $0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.2.4.1

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} - R_{2}$ to make the entry at $3, 2$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 - 0 & 1 - 1 & - 1 + 1 & 0 - 0 & 0 - 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.3.2.4.2

Simplify $R_{3}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.3.3

Use the result matrix to declare the final solution to the system of equations.

$x_{1} - x_{4} = 0$

$x_{2} - x_{3} = 0$

$0 = 0$

Step 3.3.4

Write a solution vector by solving in terms of the free variables in each row.

$[\begin{array}{c} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}] = [\begin{array}{c} x_{4} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}]$

Step 3.3.5

Write the solution as a linear combination of vectors.

$[\begin{array}{c} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}] = x_{4} [\begin{array}{c} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}] + x_{3} [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.3.6

Write as a solution set.

${x_{4} [\begin{array}{c} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}] + x_{3} [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}] | x_{3}, x_{4} \in R}$

Step 3.3.7

The solution is the set of vectors created from the free variables of the system.

${[\begin{array}{c} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}], [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}]}$

Step 4

Find the eigenvector using the eigenvalue $λ = - 2$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.1

Substitute the known values into the formula.

$N ([\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + 2 [\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.2

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.2.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.2.1.1

Multiply $2$ by each element of the matrix.

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.1.2

Simplify each element in the matrix.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.2.1.2.1

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.1.2.2

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.1.2.3

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.1.2.4

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.1.2.5

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.1.2.6

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.1.2.7

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.1.2.8

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.1.2.9

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.1.2.10

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 \cdot 1 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.1.2.11

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 & 2 \cdot 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.1.2.12

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.1.2.13

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.1.2.14

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 \cdot 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.1.2.15

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 2 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.1.2.16

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.2

Add the corresponding elements.

$[\begin{array}{c} - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.3

Simplify each element.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.2.3.1

Add $- 1$ and $2$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.3.2

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.3.3

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.3.4

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.3.5

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - 1 + 2 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.3.6

Add $- 1$ and $2$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.3.7

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.3.8

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.3.9

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.3.10

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 + 2 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.3.11

Add $- 1$ and $2$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.3.12

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.3.13

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 + 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.3.14

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 + 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.3.15

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & - 1 + 2 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.3.16

Add $- 1$ and $2$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.3

Find the null space when $λ = - 2$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.3.1

Write as an augmented matrix for $A x = 0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.2

Find the reduced row echelon form.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.3.2.1

Perform the row operation $R_{4} = R_{4} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at $4, 1$ a $0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.3.2.1.1

Perform the row operation $R_{4} = R_{4} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at $4, 1$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 - 1 & 0 - 0 & 0 - 0 & 1 - 1 & 0 - 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.2.1.2

Simplify $R_{4}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.2.2

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} - R_{2}$ to make the entry at $3, 2$ a $0$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.3.2.2.1

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} - R_{2}$ to make the entry at $3, 2$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 - 0 & 1 - 1 & 1 - 1 & 0 - 0 & 0 - 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.2.2.2

Simplify $R_{3}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.3

Use the result matrix to declare the final solution to the system of equations.

$x_{1} + x_{4} = 0$

$x_{2} + x_{3} = 0$

$0 = 0$

Step 4.3.4

Write a solution vector by solving in terms of the free variables in each row.

$[\begin{array}{c} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}] = [\begin{array}{c} - x_{4} \\ - x_{3} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.5

Write the solution as a linear combination of vectors.

$[\begin{array}{c} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \\ x_{3} \\ x_{4} \end{array}] = x_{4} [\begin{array}{c} - 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}] + x_{3} [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ - 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.6

Write as a solution set.

${x_{4} [\begin{array}{c} - 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}] + x_{3} [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ - 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}] | x_{3}, x_{4} \in R}$

Step 4.3.7

The solution is the set of vectors created from the free variables of the system.

${[\begin{array}{c} - 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}], [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ - 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}]}$

Step 5

The eigenspace of $A$ is the list of the vector space for each eigenvalue.

${[\begin{array}{c} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}], [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}], [\begin{array}{c} - 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{array}], [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ - 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{array}]}$