Linear Algebra Examples

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 1

Set up the formula to find the characteristic equation $p (λ)$ .

$p (λ) = determinant (A - λ I_{4})$

Step 2

The identity matrix or unit matrix of size $4$ is the $4 \times 4$ square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere.

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3

Substitute the known values into $p (λ) = determinant (A - λ I_{4})$ .

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Step 3.1

Substitute $[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$ for $A$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] - λ I_{4})$

Step 3.2

Substitute $[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$ for $I_{4}$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] - λ [\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.1.1

Multiply $- λ$ by each element of the matrix.

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2

Simplify each element in the matrix.

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Step 4.1.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.2

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.2.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.2.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.3

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.3.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.3.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.4

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.4.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.4.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.5

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.5.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.5.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.7

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.7.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.7.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.8

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.8.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.8.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.9

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.9.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.9.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.10

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.10.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.10.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.11

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.12

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.12.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.12.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.13

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.13.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.13.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.14

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.14.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.14.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.15

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.15.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.15.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.16

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & - λ \end{array}])$

Step 4.2

Add the corresponding elements.

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 - λ & 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3

Simplify each element.

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Step 4.3.1

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 0 & 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 - λ & 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.2

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 0 & 1 & 1 + 0 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 - λ & 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.3

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 - λ & 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.4

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 - λ & 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.5

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 - λ & 1 & 1 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.6

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 - λ & 1 & 1 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.7

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 - λ & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 + 0 & 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.8

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 - λ & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ & 0 + 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.9

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 - λ & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 + 0 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.10

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 - λ & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 1 + 0 & 0 + 0 & 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.11

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 - λ & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 + 0 & 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.12

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 - λ & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 5

Find the determinant.

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Step 5.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Step 5.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + & - \\ - & + & - & + \\ + & - & + & - \\ - & + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 5.1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$(1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.9

The minor for $a_{14}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $4$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.10

Multiply element $a_{14}$ by its cofactor.

$- 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.11

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 - λ \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2

Multiply $0$ by $| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.3.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $2$ by its cofactor and add.

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Step 5.3.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 5.3.1.3

The minor for $a_{21}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.1.4

Multiply element $a_{21}$ by its cofactor.

$- 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.1.5

The minor for $a_{22}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.1.6

Multiply element $a_{22}$ by its cofactor.

$(1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.1.7

The minor for $a_{23}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.1.8

Multiply element $a_{23}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.1.9

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 - λ \end{array} | + (1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.2

Multiply $0$ by $| \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 - λ \end{array} | + (1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.3

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.3.3.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (1 (1 - λ) + 0 \cdot 1) + (1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.3.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.3.3.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.3.2.1.1

Multiply $1 - λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (1 - λ + 0 \cdot 1) + (1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.3.2.1.2

Multiply $0$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (1 - λ + 0) + (1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.3.2.2

Add $1 - λ$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (1 - λ) + (1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.3.2.3

Reorder $1$ and $- λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.3.4.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) ((1 - λ) (1 - λ) - 1 \cdot 1) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.3.4.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.4.2.1.1

Expand $(1 - λ) (1 - λ)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 5.3.4.2.1.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (1 (1 - λ) - λ (1 - λ) - 1 \cdot 1) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.1.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- λ) - λ (1 - λ) - 1 \cdot 1) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.1.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- λ) - λ \cdot 1 - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.1.2

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 5.3.4.2.1.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.4.2.1.2.1.1

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (1 + 1 (- λ) - λ \cdot 1 - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.1.2.1.2

Multiply $- λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (1 - λ - λ \cdot 1 - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.1.2.1.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (1 - λ - λ - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.1.2.1.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (1 - λ - λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ \cdot λ - 1 \cdot 1) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.1.2.1.5

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.3.4.2.1.2.1.5.1

Move $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (1 - λ - λ - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ \cdot λ) - 1 \cdot 1) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.1.2.1.5.2

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (1 - λ - λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 1) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.1.2.1.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (1 - λ - λ + 1 λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 1) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.1.2.1.7

Multiply $λ^{2}$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (1 - λ - λ + λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 1) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.1.2.2

Subtract $λ$ from $- λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (1 - 2 λ + λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 1) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.1.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (1 - 2 λ + λ^{2} - 1) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.2

Combine the opposite terms in $1 - 2 λ + λ^{2} - 1$ .

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Step 5.3.4.2.2.1

Subtract $1$ from $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (- 2 λ + λ^{2} + 0) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.2.2

Add $- 2 λ + λ^{2}$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (- 2 λ + λ^{2}) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.4.2.3

Reorder $- 2 λ$ and $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (λ^{2} - 2 λ) + 0) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.3.5.1

Add $- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (λ^{2} - 2 λ)$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ + 1) + (1 - λ) (λ^{2} - 2 λ)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.5.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- 1 (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1 + (1 - λ) (λ^{2} - 2 λ)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.2

Multiply $- 1 (- λ)$ .

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Step 5.3.5.2.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (1 λ - 1 \cdot 1 + (1 - λ) (λ^{2} - 2 λ)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.2.2

Multiply $λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (λ - 1 \cdot 1 + (1 - λ) (λ^{2} - 2 λ)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (λ - 1 + (1 - λ) (λ^{2} - 2 λ)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.4

Expand $(1 - λ) (λ^{2} - 2 λ)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 5.3.5.2.4.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (λ - 1 + 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ) - λ (λ^{2} - 2 λ)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.4.2

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (λ - 1 + 1 λ^{2} + 1 (- 2 λ) - λ (λ^{2} - 2 λ)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.4.3

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (λ - 1 + 1 λ^{2} + 1 (- 2 λ) - λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (- 2 λ)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.5

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 5.3.5.2.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.5.2.5.1.1

Multiply $λ^{2}$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (λ - 1 + λ^{2} + 1 (- 2 λ) - λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (- 2 λ)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.5.1.2

Multiply $- 2 λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (λ - 1 + λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (- 2 λ)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.5.1.3

Multiply $λ$ by $λ^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.3.5.2.5.1.3.1

Move $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (λ - 1 + λ^{2} - 2 λ - (λ^{2} λ) - λ (- 2 λ)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.5.1.3.2

Multiply $λ^{2}$ by $λ$ .

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Step 5.3.5.2.5.1.3.2.1

Raise $λ$ to the power of $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (λ - 1 + λ^{2} - 2 λ - (λ^{2} λ^{1}) - λ (- 2 λ)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.5.1.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (λ - 1 + λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{2 + 1} - λ (- 2 λ)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.5.1.3.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (λ - 1 + λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3} - λ (- 2 λ)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.5.1.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (λ - 1 + λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 2 λ \cdot λ) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.5.1.5

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.3.5.2.5.1.5.1

Move $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (λ - 1 + λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 2 (λ \cdot λ)) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.5.1.5.2

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (λ - 1 + λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 2 λ^{2}) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.5.1.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (λ - 1 + λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2}) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.2.5.2

Add $λ^{2}$ and $2 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (λ - 1 + 3 λ^{2} - 2 λ - λ^{3}) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.3

Subtract $2 λ$ from $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ - 1 + 3 λ^{2} - λ^{3}) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.4

Move $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ + 3 λ^{2} - λ^{3} - 1) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.5

Move $- λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (3 λ^{2} - λ^{3} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.5.6

Reorder $3 λ^{2}$ and $- λ^{3}$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.4.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Step 5.4.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 5.4.1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- (1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.1.9

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | - (1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.2

Multiply $0$ by $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (0 - (1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.3

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.4.3.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (1 (1 - λ) - 1 \cdot 0) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.3.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.4.3.2.1

Multiply $1 - λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (1 - λ - 1 \cdot 0) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.3.2.2

Subtract $0$ from $1 - λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (1 - λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.3.2.3

Reorder $1$ and $- λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (- λ + 1) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.4

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.4.4.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (- λ + 1) + 1 (1 \cdot 1 - 1 \cdot 1)) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.4.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.4.4.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.4.4.2.1.1

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (- λ + 1) + 1 (1 - 1 \cdot 1)) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.4.2.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (- λ + 1) + 1 (1 - 1)) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.4.2.2

Subtract $1$ from $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (- λ + 1) + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.4.5.1

Subtract $(1 - λ) (- λ + 1)$ from $0$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- (1 - λ) (- λ + 1) + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.4.5.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 ((- 1 \cdot 1 - - λ) (- λ + 1) + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 ((- 1 - - λ) (- λ + 1) + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2.3

Multiply $- - λ$ .

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Step 5.4.5.2.3.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 ((- 1 + 1 λ) (- λ + 1) + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2.3.2

Multiply $λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 ((- 1 + λ) (- λ + 1) + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2.4

Expand $(- 1 + λ) (- λ + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 5.4.5.2.4.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- 1 (- λ + 1) + λ (- λ + 1) + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2.4.2

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- 1 (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1 + λ (- λ + 1) + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2.4.3

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- 1 (- λ) - 1 \cdot 1 + λ (- λ) + λ \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2.5

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 5.4.5.2.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.4.5.2.5.1.1

Multiply $- 1 (- λ)$ .

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Step 5.4.5.2.5.1.1.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (1 λ - 1 \cdot 1 + λ (- λ) + λ \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2.5.1.1.2

Multiply $λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (λ - 1 \cdot 1 + λ (- λ) + λ \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2.5.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (λ - 1 + λ (- λ) + λ \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2.5.1.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (λ - 1 - λ \cdot λ + λ \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2.5.1.4

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.4.5.2.5.1.4.1

Move $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (λ - 1 - (λ \cdot λ) + λ \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2.5.1.4.2

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (λ - 1 - λ^{2} + λ \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2.5.1.5

Multiply $λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (λ - 1 - λ^{2} + λ + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2.5.2

Add $λ$ and $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (2 λ - 1 - λ^{2} + 1 \cdot 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.2.6

Multiply $0$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (2 λ - 1 - λ^{2} + 0) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.3

Add $2 λ - 1 - λ^{2}$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (2 λ - 1 - λ^{2}) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.4

Move $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (2 λ - λ^{2} - 1) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4.5.5

Reorder $2 λ$ and $- λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.5

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 - λ & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.5.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Step 5.5.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 5.5.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 5.5.1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.5.1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.5.1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.5.1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- (1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 5.5.1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.5.1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.5.1.9

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | - (1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.2

Multiply $0$ by $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (0 - (1 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.3

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 - λ \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.5.3.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (1 \cdot 0 - (1 - λ)) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.3.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.5.3.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.5.3.2.1.1

Multiply $0$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (0 - (1 - λ)) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.3.2.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (0 - 1 \cdot 1 - - λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.3.2.1.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (0 - 1 - - λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.3.2.1.4

Multiply $- - λ$ .

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Step 5.5.3.2.1.4.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (0 - 1 + 1 λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.3.2.1.4.2

Multiply $λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (0 - 1 + λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.3.2.2

Subtract $1$ from $0$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (- 1 + λ) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.3.2.3

Reorder $- 1$ and $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (λ - 1) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |)$

Step 5.5.4

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.5.4.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (λ - 1) + 1 (1 \cdot 1 - 1 \cdot 1))$

Step 5.5.4.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.5.4.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.5.4.2.1.1

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (λ - 1) + 1 (1 - 1 \cdot 1))$

Step 5.5.4.2.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (λ - 1) + 1 (1 - 1))$

Step 5.5.4.2.2

Subtract $1$ from $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (0 - (1 - λ) (λ - 1) + 1 \cdot 0)$

Step 5.5.5

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.5.5.1

Subtract $(1 - λ) (λ - 1)$ from $0$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (- (1 - λ) (λ - 1) + 1 \cdot 0)$

Step 5.5.5.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.5.5.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 ((- 1 \cdot 1 - - λ) (λ - 1) + 1 \cdot 0)$

Step 5.5.5.2.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 ((- 1 - - λ) (λ - 1) + 1 \cdot 0)$

Step 5.5.5.2.3

Multiply $- - λ$ .

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Step 5.5.5.2.3.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 ((- 1 + 1 λ) (λ - 1) + 1 \cdot 0)$

Step 5.5.5.2.3.2

Multiply $λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 ((- 1 + λ) (λ - 1) + 1 \cdot 0)$

Step 5.5.5.2.4

Expand $(- 1 + λ) (λ - 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 5.5.5.2.4.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (- 1 (λ - 1) + λ (λ - 1) + 1 \cdot 0)$

Step 5.5.5.2.4.2

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (- 1 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 + λ (λ - 1) + 1 \cdot 0)$

Step 5.5.5.2.4.3

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (- 1 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 + λ \cdot λ + λ \cdot - 1 + 1 \cdot 0)$

Step 5.5.5.2.5

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 5.5.5.2.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.5.5.2.5.1.1

Rewrite $- 1 λ$ as $- λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (- λ - 1 \cdot - 1 + λ \cdot λ + λ \cdot - 1 + 1 \cdot 0)$

Step 5.5.5.2.5.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (- λ + 1 + λ \cdot λ + λ \cdot - 1 + 1 \cdot 0)$

Step 5.5.5.2.5.1.3

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (- λ + 1 + λ^{2} + λ \cdot - 1 + 1 \cdot 0)$

Step 5.5.5.2.5.1.4

Move $- 1$ to the left of $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (- λ + 1 + λ^{2} - 1 \cdot λ + 1 \cdot 0)$

Step 5.5.5.2.5.1.5

Rewrite $- 1 λ$ as $- λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (- λ + 1 + λ^{2} - λ + 1 \cdot 0)$

Step 5.5.5.2.5.2

Subtract $λ$ from $- λ$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (- 2 λ + 1 + λ^{2} + 1 \cdot 0)$

Step 5.5.5.2.6

Multiply $0$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (- 2 λ + 1 + λ^{2} + 0)$

Step 5.5.5.3

Add $- 2 λ + 1 + λ^{2}$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (- 2 λ + 1 + λ^{2})$

Step 5.5.5.4

Move $1$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (- 2 λ + λ^{2} + 1)$

Step 5.5.5.5

Reorder $- 2 λ$ and $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.6.1

Add $(1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1)$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = (1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1) + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.6.2.1

Expand $(1 - λ) (- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$p (λ) = 1 (- λ^{3}) + 1 (3 λ^{2}) + 1 (- λ) + 1 \cdot - 1 - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (3 λ^{2}) - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.6.2.2.1

Multiply $- λ^{3}$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 1 (3 λ^{2}) + 1 (- λ) + 1 \cdot - 1 - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (3 λ^{2}) - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.2

Multiply $3 λ^{2}$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 1 (- λ) + 1 \cdot - 1 - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (3 λ^{2}) - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.3

Multiply $- λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ + 1 \cdot - 1 - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (3 λ^{2}) - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.4

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 - λ (- λ^{3}) - λ (3 λ^{2}) - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.5

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 - 1 \cdot - 1 λ \cdot λ^{3} - λ (3 λ^{2}) - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.6

Multiply $λ$ by $λ^{3}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.6.2.2.6.1

Move $λ^{3}$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ^{3} λ) - λ (3 λ^{2}) - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.6.2

Multiply $λ^{3}$ by $λ$ .

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Step 5.6.2.2.6.2.1

Raise $λ$ to the power of $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ^{3} λ^{1}) - λ (3 λ^{2}) - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.6.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{3 + 1} - λ (3 λ^{2}) - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.6.3

Add $3$ and $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{4} - λ (3 λ^{2}) - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.7

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 + 1 λ^{4} - λ (3 λ^{2}) - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.8

Multiply $λ^{4}$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 + λ^{4} - λ (3 λ^{2}) - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.9

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot 3 λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.10

Multiply $λ$ by $λ^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.6.2.2.10.1

Move $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot 3 (λ^{2} λ) - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.10.2

Multiply $λ^{2}$ by $λ$ .

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Step 5.6.2.2.10.2.1

Raise $λ$ to the power of $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot 3 (λ^{2} λ^{1}) - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.10.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot 3 λ^{2 + 1} - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.10.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 + λ^{4} - 1 \cdot 3 λ^{3} - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.11

Multiply $- 1$ by $3$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 + λ^{4} - 3 λ^{3} - λ (- λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.12

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 + λ^{4} - 3 λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 1 λ \cdot λ - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.13

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.6.2.2.13.1

Move $λ$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 + λ^{4} - 3 λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ \cdot λ) - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.13.2

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 + λ^{4} - 3 λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{2} - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.14

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 + λ^{4} - 3 λ^{3} + 1 λ^{2} - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.15

Multiply $λ^{2}$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 + λ^{4} - 3 λ^{3} + λ^{2} - λ \cdot - 1 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.16

Multiply $- λ \cdot - 1$ .

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Step 5.6.2.2.16.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 + λ^{4} - 3 λ^{3} + λ^{2} + 1 λ + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.2.16.2

Multiply $λ$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 + λ^{4} - 3 λ^{3} + λ^{2} + λ + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.3

Combine the opposite terms in $- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ - 1 + λ^{4} - 3 λ^{3} + λ^{2} + λ$ .

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Step 5.6.2.3.1

Add $- λ$ and $λ$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - 1 + λ^{4} - 3 λ^{3} + λ^{2} + 0 + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.3.2

Add $- λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - 1 + λ^{4} - 3 λ^{3} + λ^{2}$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - 1 + λ^{4} - 3 λ^{3} + λ^{2} + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.4

Subtract $3 λ^{3}$ from $- λ^{3}$ .

$p (λ) = - 4 λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - 1 + λ^{4} + λ^{2} + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.5

Add $3 λ^{2}$ and $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = - 4 λ^{3} + 4 λ^{2} - 1 + λ^{4} + 1 (- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1) - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.6

Multiply $- λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = - 4 λ^{3} + 4 λ^{2} - 1 + λ^{4} - λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1 - 1 (λ^{2} - 2 λ + 1)$

Step 5.6.2.7

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = - 4 λ^{3} + 4 λ^{2} - 1 + λ^{4} - λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1 - 1 λ^{2} - 1 (- 2 λ) - 1 \cdot 1$

Step 5.6.2.8

Simplify.

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Step 5.6.2.8.1

Rewrite $- 1 λ^{2}$ as $- λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = - 4 λ^{3} + 4 λ^{2} - 1 + λ^{4} - λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1 - λ^{2} - 1 (- 2 λ) - 1 \cdot 1$

Step 5.6.2.8.2

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = - 4 λ^{3} + 4 λ^{2} - 1 + λ^{4} - λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1 - λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1 \cdot 1$

Step 5.6.2.8.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = - 4 λ^{3} + 4 λ^{2} - 1 + λ^{4} - λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1 - λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1$

Step 5.6.3

Subtract $λ^{2}$ from $4 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = - 4 λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - 1 + λ^{4} + 2 λ - 1 - λ^{2} + 2 λ - 1$

Step 5.6.4

Subtract $λ^{2}$ from $3 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = - 4 λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} - 1 + λ^{4} + 2 λ - 1 + 2 λ - 1$

Step 5.6.5

Subtract $1$ from $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = - 4 λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} + λ^{4} + 2 λ - 2 + 2 λ - 1$

Step 5.6.6

Add $2 λ$ and $2 λ$ .

$p (λ) = - 4 λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} + λ^{4} + 4 λ - 2 - 1$

Step 5.6.7

Subtract $1$ from $- 2$ .

$p (λ) = - 4 λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} + λ^{4} + 4 λ - 3$

Step 5.6.8

Move $2 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = - 4 λ^{3} + λ^{4} + 2 λ^{2} + 4 λ - 3$

Step 5.6.9

Reorder $- 4 λ^{3}$ and $λ^{4}$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{4} - 4 λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} + 4 λ - 3$

Step 6

Set the characteristic polynomial equal to $0$ to find the eigenvalues $λ$ .

$λ^{4} - 4 λ^{3} + 2 λ^{2} + 4 λ - 3 = 0$

Step 7

Solve for $λ$ .

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Step 7.1

Factor the left side of the equation.

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Step 7.1.1

Regroup terms.

$- 4 λ^{3} + 4 λ + λ^{4} + 2 λ^{2} - 3 = 0$

Step 7.1.2

Factor $- 4 λ$ out of $- 4 λ^{3} + 4 λ$ .

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Step 7.1.2.1

Factor $- 4 λ$ out of $- 4 λ^{3}$ .

$- 4 λ \cdot λ^{2} + 4 λ + λ^{4} + 2 λ^{2} - 3 = 0$

Step 7.1.2.2

Factor $- 4 λ$ out of $4 λ$ .

$- 4 λ \cdot λ^{2} - 4 λ \cdot - 1 + λ^{4} + 2 λ^{2} - 3 = 0$

Step 7.1.2.3

Factor $- 4 λ$ out of $- 4 λ (λ^{2}) - 4 λ (- 1)$ .

$- 4 λ (λ^{2} - 1) + λ^{4} + 2 λ^{2} - 3 = 0$

Step 7.1.3

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$- 4 λ (λ^{2} - 1^{2}) + λ^{4} + 2 λ^{2} - 3 = 0$

Step 7.1.4

Factor.

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Step 7.1.4.1

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = λ$ and $b = 1$ .

$- 4 λ ((λ + 1) (λ - 1)) + λ^{4} + 2 λ^{2} - 3 = 0$

Step 7.1.4.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$- 4 λ (λ + 1) (λ - 1) + λ^{4} + 2 λ^{2} - 3 = 0$

Step 7.1.5

Rewrite $λ^{4}$ as ${(λ^{2})}^{2}$ .

$- 4 λ (λ + 1) (λ - 1) + {(λ^{2})}^{2} + 2 λ^{2} - 3 = 0$

Step 7.1.6

Let $u = λ^{2}$ . Substitute $u$ for all occurrences of $λ^{2}$ .

$- 4 λ (λ + 1) (λ - 1) + u^{2} + 2 u - 3 = 0$

Step 7.1.7

Factor $u^{2} + 2 u - 3$ using the AC method.

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Step 7.1.7.1

Consider the form $x^{2} + b x + c$ . Find a pair of integers whose product is $c$ and whose sum is $b$ . In this case, whose product is $- 3$ and whose sum is $2$ .

$- 1, 3$

Step 7.1.7.2

Write the factored form using these integers.

$- 4 λ (λ + 1) (λ - 1) + (u - 1) (u + 3) = 0$

Step 7.1.8

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $λ^{2}$ .

$- 4 λ (λ + 1) (λ - 1) + (λ^{2} - 1) (λ^{2} + 3) = 0$

Step 7.1.9

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$- 4 λ (λ + 1) (λ - 1) + (λ^{2} - 1^{2}) (λ^{2} + 3) = 0$

Step 7.1.10

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = λ$ and $b = 1$ .

$- 4 λ (λ + 1) (λ - 1) + (λ + 1) (λ - 1) (λ^{2} + 3) = 0$

Step 7.1.11

Factor $(λ + 1) (λ - 1)$ out of $- 4 λ (λ + 1) (λ - 1) + (λ + 1) (λ - 1) (λ^{2} + 3)$ .

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Step 7.1.11.1

Factor $(λ + 1) (λ - 1)$ out of $- 4 λ (λ + 1) (λ - 1)$ .

$(λ + 1) (λ - 1) (- 4 λ) + (λ + 1) (λ - 1) (λ^{2} + 3) = 0$

Step 7.1.11.2

Factor $(λ + 1) (λ - 1)$ out of $(λ + 1) (λ - 1) (- 4 λ) + (λ + 1) (λ - 1) (λ^{2} + 3)$ .

$(λ + 1) (λ - 1) (- 4 λ + λ^{2} + 3) = 0$

Step 7.1.12

Let $u = λ$ . Substitute $u$ for all occurrences of $λ$ .

$(λ + 1) (λ - 1) (- 4 u + u^{2} + 3) = 0$

Step 7.1.13

Factor $- 4 u + u^{2} + 3$ using the AC method.

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Step 7.1.13.1

Consider the form $x^{2} + b x + c$ . Find a pair of integers whose product is $c$ and whose sum is $b$ . In this case, whose product is $3$ and whose sum is $- 4$ .

$- 3, - 1$

Step 7.1.13.2

Write the factored form using these integers.

$(λ + 1) (λ - 1) ((u - 3) (u - 1)) = 0$

Step 7.1.14

Factor.

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Step 7.1.14.1

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $λ$ .

$(λ + 1) (λ - 1) ((λ - 3) (λ - 1)) = 0$

Step 7.1.14.2

Remove unnecessary parentheses.

$(λ + 1) (λ - 1) (λ - 3) (λ - 1) = 0$

Step 7.1.15

Combine exponents.

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Step 7.1.15.1

Raise $λ - 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$(λ + 1) ((λ - 1) (λ - 1)) (λ - 3) = 0$

Step 7.1.15.2

Raise $λ - 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$(λ + 1) ((λ - 1) (λ - 1)) (λ - 3) = 0$

Step 7.1.15.3

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$(λ + 1) {(λ - 1)}^{1 + 1} (λ - 3) = 0$

Step 7.1.15.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$(λ + 1) {(λ - 1)}^{2} (λ - 3) = 0$

Step 7.2

If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to $0$ , the entire expression will be equal to $0$ .

$λ + 1 = 0$

${(λ - 1)}^{2} = 0$

$λ - 3 = 0$

Step 7.3

Set $λ + 1$ equal to $0$ and solve for $λ$ .

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Step 7.3.1

Set $λ + 1$ equal to $0$ .

$λ + 1 = 0$

Step 7.3.2

Subtract $1$ from both sides of the equation.

$λ = - 1$

Step 7.4

Set ${(λ - 1)}^{2}$ equal to $0$ and solve for $λ$ .

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Step 7.4.1

Set ${(λ - 1)}^{2}$ equal to $0$ .

${(λ - 1)}^{2} = 0$

Step 7.4.2

Solve ${(λ - 1)}^{2} = 0$ for $λ$ .

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Step 7.4.2.1

Set the $λ - 1$ equal to $0$ .

$λ - 1 = 0$

Step 7.4.2.2

Add $1$ to both sides of the equation.

$λ = 1$

Step 7.5

Set $λ - 3$ equal to $0$ and solve for $λ$ .

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Step 7.5.1

Set $λ - 3$ equal to $0$ .

$λ - 3 = 0$

Step 7.5.2

Add $3$ to both sides of the equation.

$λ = 3$

Step 7.6

The final solution is all the values that make $(λ + 1) {(λ - 1)}^{2} (λ - 3) = 0$ true.

$λ = - 1, 1, 3$