Linear Algebra Examples

$[\begin{array}{c} c & a & d & b \\ a & c & d & b \\ a & c & b & d \\ c & a & b & d \end{array}]$

Step 1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Step 1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + & - \\ - & + & - & + \\ + & - & + & - \\ - & + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} c & d & b \\ c & b & d \\ a & b & d \end{array} |$

Step 1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$c | \begin{array}{c} c & d & b \\ c & b & d \\ a & b & d \end{array} |$

Step 1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} |$

Step 1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} |$

Step 1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} |$

Step 1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} |$

Step 1.9

The minor for $a_{14}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $4$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 1.10

Multiply element $a_{14}$ by its cofactor.

$- b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 1.11

Add the terms together.

$c | \begin{array}{c} c & d & b \\ c & b & d \\ a & b & d \end{array} | - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} c & d & b \\ c & b & d \\ a & b & d \end{array} |$ .

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Step 2.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Step 2.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 2.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 2.1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} b & d \\ b & d \end{array} |$

Step 2.1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$c | \begin{array}{c} b & d \\ b & d \end{array} |$

Step 2.1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} c & d \\ a & d \end{array} |$

Step 2.1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- d | \begin{array}{c} c & d \\ a & d \end{array} |$

Step 2.1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} c & b \\ a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$b | \begin{array}{c} c & b \\ a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.1.9

Add the terms together.

$c (c | \begin{array}{c} b & d \\ b & d \end{array} | - d | \begin{array}{c} c & d \\ a & d \end{array} | + b | \begin{array}{c} c & b \\ a & b \end{array} |) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.2

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} b & d \\ b & d \end{array} |$ .

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Step 2.2.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$c (c (b d - b d) - d | \begin{array}{c} c & d \\ a & d \end{array} | + b | \begin{array}{c} c & b \\ a & b \end{array} |) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.2

Subtract $b d$ from $b d$ .

$c (c \cdot 0 - d | \begin{array}{c} c & d \\ a & d \end{array} | + b | \begin{array}{c} c & b \\ a & b \end{array} |) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.3

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$c (c \cdot 0 - d (c d - a d) + b | \begin{array}{c} c & b \\ a & b \end{array} |) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.4

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$c (c \cdot 0 - d (c d - a d) + b (c b - a b)) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.5

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 2.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.5.1.1

Multiply $c$ by $0$ .

$c (0 - d (c d - a d) + b (c b - a b)) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.5.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$c (0 - d (c d) - d (- a d) + b (c b - a b)) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.5.1.3

Multiply $d$ by $d$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.5.1.3.1

Move $d$ .

$c (0 - (d \cdot d) c - d (- a d) + b (c b - a b)) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.5.1.3.2

Multiply $d$ by $d$ .

$c (0 - d^{2} c - d (- a d) + b (c b - a b)) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.5.1.4

Multiply $d$ by $d$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.5.1.4.1

Move $d$ .

$c (0 - d^{2} c - (d \cdot d) (- a) + b (c b - a b)) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.5.1.4.2

Multiply $d$ by $d$ .

$c (0 - d^{2} c - d^{2} (- a) + b (c b - a b)) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.5.1.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.5.1.5.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$c (0 - d^{2} c - 1 \cdot - 1 d^{2} a + b (c b - a b)) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.5.1.5.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$c (0 - d^{2} c + 1 d^{2} a + b (c b - a b)) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.5.1.5.3

Multiply $d^{2}$ by $1$ .

$c (0 - d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b (c b - a b)) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.5.1.6

Apply the distributive property.

$c (0 - d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b (c b) + b (- a b)) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.5.1.7

Multiply $b$ by $b$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.5.1.7.1

Move $b$ .

$c (0 - d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b \cdot b c + b (- a b)) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.5.1.7.2

Multiply $b$ by $b$ .

$c (0 - d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c + b (- a b)) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.5.1.8

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$c (0 - d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b (a b)) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.5.1.9

Multiply $b$ by $b$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.5.1.9.1

Move $b$ .

$c (0 - d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - (b \cdot b) a) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.5.1.9.2

Multiply $b$ by $b$ .

$c (0 - d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 2.5.2

Subtract $d^{2} c$ from $0$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a | \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} a & d & b \\ a & b & d \\ c & b & d \end{array} |$ .

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Step 3.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Step 3.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 3.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 3.1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} b & d \\ b & d \end{array} |$

Step 3.1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$a | \begin{array}{c} b & d \\ b & d \end{array} |$

Step 3.1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} a & d \\ c & d \end{array} |$

Step 3.1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- d | \begin{array}{c} a & d \\ c & d \end{array} |$

Step 3.1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$b | \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.1.9

Add the terms together.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (a | \begin{array}{c} b & d \\ b & d \end{array} | - d | \begin{array}{c} a & d \\ c & d \end{array} | + b | \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & b \end{array} |) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.2

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} b & d \\ b & d \end{array} |$ .

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Step 3.2.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (a (b d - b d) - d | \begin{array}{c} a & d \\ c & d \end{array} | + b | \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & b \end{array} |) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.2

Subtract $b d$ from $b d$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (a \cdot 0 - d | \begin{array}{c} a & d \\ c & d \end{array} | + b | \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & b \end{array} |) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.3

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (a \cdot 0 - d (a d - c d) + b | \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & b \end{array} |) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.4

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (a \cdot 0 - d (a d - c d) + b (a b - c b)) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.5

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 3.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.5.1.1

Multiply $a$ by $0$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (0 - d (a d - c d) + b (a b - c b)) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.5.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (0 - d (a d) - d (- c d) + b (a b - c b)) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.5.1.3

Multiply $d$ by $d$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.5.1.3.1

Move $d$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (0 - (d \cdot d) a - d (- c d) + b (a b - c b)) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.5.1.3.2

Multiply $d$ by $d$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (0 - d^{2} a - d (- c d) + b (a b - c b)) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.5.1.4

Multiply $d$ by $d$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.5.1.4.1

Move $d$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (0 - d^{2} a - (d \cdot d) (- c) + b (a b - c b)) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.5.1.4.2

Multiply $d$ by $d$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (0 - d^{2} a - d^{2} (- c) + b (a b - c b)) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.5.1.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.5.1.5.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (0 - d^{2} a - 1 \cdot - 1 d^{2} c + b (a b - c b)) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.5.1.5.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (0 - d^{2} a + 1 d^{2} c + b (a b - c b)) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.5.1.5.3

Multiply $d^{2}$ by $1$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (0 - d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b (a b - c b)) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.5.1.6

Apply the distributive property.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (0 - d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b (a b) + b (- c b)) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.5.1.7

Multiply $b$ by $b$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.5.1.7.1

Move $b$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (0 - d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b \cdot b a + b (- c b)) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.5.1.7.2

Multiply $b$ by $b$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (0 - d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a + b (- c b)) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.5.1.8

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (0 - d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b (c b)) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.5.1.9

Multiply $b$ by $b$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.5.1.9.1

Move $b$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (0 - d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - (b \cdot b) c) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.5.1.9.2

Multiply $b$ by $b$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (0 - d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 3.5.2

Subtract $d^{2} a$ from $0$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} | - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} a & c & b \\ a & c & d \\ c & a & d \end{array} |$ .

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Step 4.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Step 4.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 4.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 4.1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} c & d \\ a & d \end{array} |$

Step 4.1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$a | \begin{array}{c} c & d \\ a & d \end{array} |$

Step 4.1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} a & d \\ c & d \end{array} |$

Step 4.1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- c | \begin{array}{c} a & d \\ c & d \end{array} |$

Step 4.1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} a & c \\ c & a \end{array} |$

Step 4.1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$b | \begin{array}{c} a & c \\ c & a \end{array} |$

Step 4.1.9

Add the terms together.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a | \begin{array}{c} c & d \\ a & d \end{array} | - c | \begin{array}{c} a & d \\ c & d \end{array} | + b | \begin{array}{c} a & c \\ c & a \end{array} |) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.2

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a (c d - a d) - c | \begin{array}{c} a & d \\ c & d \end{array} | + b | \begin{array}{c} a & c \\ c & a \end{array} |) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.3

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a (c d - a d) - c (a d - c d) + b | \begin{array}{c} a & c \\ c & a \end{array} |) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.4

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} a & c \\ c & a \end{array} |$ .

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Step 4.4.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a (c d - a d) - c (a d - c d) + b (a \cdot a - c \cdot c)) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.4.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.4.2.1

Multiply $a$ by $a$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a (c d - a d) - c (a d - c d) + b (a^{2} - c \cdot c)) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.4.2.2

Multiply $c$ by $c$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.4.2.2.1

Move $c$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a (c d - a d) - c (a d - c d) + b (a^{2} - (c \cdot c))) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.4.2.2.2

Multiply $c$ by $c$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a (c d - a d) - c (a d - c d) + b (a^{2} - c^{2})) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.5

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 4.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.5.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a (c d) + a (- a d) - c (a d - c d) + b (a^{2} - c^{2})) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.5.1.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a c d - a (a d) - c (a d - c d) + b (a^{2} - c^{2})) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.5.1.3

Multiply $a$ by $a$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.5.1.3.1

Move $a$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a c d - (a \cdot a) d - c (a d - c d) + b (a^{2} - c^{2})) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.5.1.3.2

Multiply $a$ by $a$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a c d - a^{2} d - c (a d - c d) + b (a^{2} - c^{2})) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.5.1.4

Apply the distributive property.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a c d - a^{2} d - c (a d) - c (- c d) + b (a^{2} - c^{2})) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.5.1.5

Multiply $c$ by $c$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.5.1.5.1

Move $c$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a c d - a^{2} d - c a d - (c \cdot c) (- d) + b (a^{2} - c^{2})) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.5.1.5.2

Multiply $c$ by $c$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a c d - a^{2} d - c a d - c^{2} (- d) + b (a^{2} - c^{2})) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.5.1.6

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.5.1.6.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a c d - a^{2} d - c a d - 1 \cdot - 1 c^{2} d + b (a^{2} - c^{2})) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.5.1.6.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a c d - a^{2} d - c a d + 1 c^{2} d + b (a^{2} - c^{2})) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.5.1.6.3

Multiply $c^{2}$ by $1$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a c d - a^{2} d - c a d + c^{2} d + b (a^{2} - c^{2})) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.5.1.7

Apply the distributive property.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a c d - a^{2} d - c a d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} + b (- c^{2})) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.5.1.8

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a c d - a^{2} d - c a d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.5.2

Combine the opposite terms in $a c d - a^{2} d - c a d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}$ .

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Step 4.5.2.1

Reorder the factors in the terms $a c d$ and $- c a d$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (a c d - a^{2} d - a c d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.5.2.2

Subtract $a c d$ from $a c d$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + 0 + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 4.5.2.3

Add $- a^{2} d$ and $0$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b | \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$

Step 5

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} a & c & d \\ a & c & b \\ c & a & b \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Step 5.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 5.1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} c & b \\ a & b \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$a | \begin{array}{c} c & b \\ a & b \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & b \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- c | \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & b \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} a & c \\ c & a \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$d | \begin{array}{c} a & c \\ c & a \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.9

Add the terms together.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a | \begin{array}{c} c & b \\ a & b \end{array} | - c | \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & b \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c \\ c & a \end{array} |)$

Step 5.2

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a (c b - a b) - c | \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & b \end{array} | + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c \\ c & a \end{array} |)$

Step 5.3

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a (c b - a b) - c (a b - c b) + d | \begin{array}{c} a & c \\ c & a \end{array} |)$

Step 5.4

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} a & c \\ c & a \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.4.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a (c b - a b) - c (a b - c b) + d (a \cdot a - c \cdot c))$

Step 5.4.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.4.2.1

Multiply $a$ by $a$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a (c b - a b) - c (a b - c b) + d (a^{2} - c \cdot c))$

Step 5.4.2.2

Multiply $c$ by $c$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.4.2.2.1

Move $c$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a (c b - a b) - c (a b - c b) + d (a^{2} - (c \cdot c)))$

Step 5.4.2.2.2

Multiply $c$ by $c$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a (c b - a b) - c (a b - c b) + d (a^{2} - c^{2}))$

Step 5.5

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.5.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a (c b) + a (- a b) - c (a b - c b) + d (a^{2} - c^{2}))$

Step 5.5.1.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a c b - a (a b) - c (a b - c b) + d (a^{2} - c^{2}))$

Step 5.5.1.3

Multiply $a$ by $a$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.5.1.3.1

Move $a$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a c b - (a \cdot a) b - c (a b - c b) + d (a^{2} - c^{2}))$

Step 5.5.1.3.2

Multiply $a$ by $a$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a c b - a^{2} b - c (a b - c b) + d (a^{2} - c^{2}))$

Step 5.5.1.4

Apply the distributive property.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a c b - a^{2} b - c (a b) - c (- c b) + d (a^{2} - c^{2}))$

Step 5.5.1.5

Multiply $c$ by $c$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.5.1.5.1

Move $c$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a c b - a^{2} b - c a b - (c \cdot c) (- b) + d (a^{2} - c^{2}))$

Step 5.5.1.5.2

Multiply $c$ by $c$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a c b - a^{2} b - c a b - c^{2} (- b) + d (a^{2} - c^{2}))$

Step 5.5.1.6

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.5.1.6.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a c b - a^{2} b - c a b - 1 \cdot - 1 c^{2} b + d (a^{2} - c^{2}))$

Step 5.5.1.6.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a c b - a^{2} b - c a b + 1 c^{2} b + d (a^{2} - c^{2}))$

Step 5.5.1.6.3

Multiply $c^{2}$ by $1$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a c b - a^{2} b - c a b + c^{2} b + d (a^{2} - c^{2}))$

Step 5.5.1.7

Apply the distributive property.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a c b - a^{2} b - c a b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} + d (- c^{2}))$

Step 5.5.1.8

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a c b - a^{2} b - c a b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 5.5.2

Combine the opposite terms in $a c b - a^{2} b - c a b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2}$ .

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Step 5.5.2.1

Reorder the factors in the terms $a c b$ and $- c a b$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (a b c - a^{2} b - a b c + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 5.5.2.2

Subtract $a b c$ from $a b c$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + 0 + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 5.5.2.3

Add $- a^{2} b$ and $0$ .

$c (- d^{2} c + d^{2} a + b^{2} c - b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 6.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 6.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$c (- d^{2} c) + c (d^{2} a) + c (b^{2} c) + c (- b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.2

Simplify.

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Step 6.1.2.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$- c (d^{2} c) + c (d^{2} a) + c (b^{2} c) + c (- b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.2.2

Multiply $c$ by $c$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.1.2.2.1

Move $c$ .

$- c (d^{2} c) + c d^{2} a + c \cdot c b^{2} + c (- b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.2.2.2

Multiply $c$ by $c$ .

$- c (d^{2} c) + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} + c (- b^{2} a) - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.2.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$- c (d^{2} c) + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.3

Multiply $c$ by $c$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.1.3.1

Move $c$ .

$- (c \cdot c) d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.3.2

Multiply $c$ by $c$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a - a (- d^{2} a + d^{2} c + b^{2} a - b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.4

Apply the distributive property.

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a - a (- d^{2} a) - a (d^{2} c) - a (b^{2} a) - a (- b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.5

Simplify.

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Step 6.1.5.1

Multiply $a$ by $a$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.1.5.1.1

Move $a$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a - (a \cdot a) (- d^{2}) - a (d^{2} c) - a (b^{2} a) - a (- b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.5.1.2

Multiply $a$ by $a$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a - a^{2} (- d^{2}) - a (d^{2} c) - a (b^{2} a) - a (- b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.5.2

Multiply $a$ by $a$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.1.5.2.1

Move $a$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a - a^{2} (- d^{2}) - a d^{2} c - (a \cdot a) b^{2} - a (- b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.5.2.2

Multiply $a$ by $a$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a - a^{2} (- d^{2}) - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} - a (- b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.5.3

Multiply $- a (- b^{2} c)$ .

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Step 6.1.5.3.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a - a^{2} (- d^{2}) - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + 1 a (b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.5.3.2

Multiply $a$ by $1$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a - a^{2} (- d^{2}) - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a (b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.6

Simplify each term.

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Step 6.1.6.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a - 1 \cdot - 1 a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a (b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.6.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + 1 a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a (b^{2} c) + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.6.3

Multiply $a^{2}$ by $1$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c + d (- a^{2} d + c^{2} d + b a^{2} - b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.7

Apply the distributive property.

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c + d (- a^{2} d) + d (c^{2} d) + d (b a^{2}) + d (- b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.8

Simplify.

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Step 6.1.8.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d (a^{2} d) + d (c^{2} d) + d (b a^{2}) + d (- b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.8.2

Multiply $d$ by $d$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.1.8.2.1

Move $d$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d (a^{2} d) + d \cdot d c^{2} + d (b a^{2}) + d (- b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.8.2.2

Multiply $d$ by $d$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d (a^{2} d) + d^{2} c^{2} + d (b a^{2}) + d (- b c^{2}) - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.8.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d (a^{2} d) + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.9

Multiply $d$ by $d$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.1.9.1

Move $d$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - (d \cdot d) a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.9.2

Multiply $d$ by $d$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} - b (- a^{2} b + c^{2} b + d a^{2} - d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.10

Apply the distributive property.

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} - b (- a^{2} b) - b (c^{2} b) - b (d a^{2}) - b (- d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.11

Simplify.

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Step 6.1.11.1

Multiply $b$ by $b$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.1.11.1.1

Move $b$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} - (b \cdot b) (- a^{2}) - b (c^{2} b) - b (d a^{2}) - b (- d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.11.1.2

Multiply $b$ by $b$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} - b^{2} (- a^{2}) - b (c^{2} b) - b (d a^{2}) - b (- d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.11.2

Multiply $b$ by $b$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.1.11.2.1

Move $b$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} - b^{2} (- a^{2}) - (b \cdot b) c^{2} - b (d a^{2}) - b (- d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.11.2.2

Multiply $b$ by $b$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} - b^{2} (- a^{2}) - b^{2} c^{2} - b (d a^{2}) - b (- d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.11.3

Multiply $- b (- d c^{2})$ .

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Step 6.1.11.3.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} - b^{2} (- a^{2}) - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + 1 b (d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.11.3.2

Multiply $b$ by $1$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} - b^{2} (- a^{2}) - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b (d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.12

Simplify each term.

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Step 6.1.12.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 b^{2} a^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b (d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.12.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + 1 b^{2} a^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b (d c^{2})$

Step 6.1.12.3

Multiply $b^{2}$ by $1$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + b^{2} a^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2

Combine the opposite terms in $- c^{2} d^{2} + c d^{2} a + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a d^{2} c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + b^{2} a^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$ .

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Step 6.2.1

Reorder the factors in the terms $c d^{2} a$ and $- a d^{2} c$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + d^{2} a c + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - d^{2} a c - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + b^{2} a^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.2

Subtract $d^{2} a c$ from $d^{2} a c$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} + 0 - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + b^{2} a^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.3

Add $- c^{2} d^{2} + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2}$ and $0$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c^{2} b^{2} - c b^{2} a + a^{2} d^{2} - a^{2} b^{2} + a b^{2} c - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + b^{2} a^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.4

Reorder the factors in the terms $- c b^{2} a$ and $a b^{2} c$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c^{2} b^{2} - b^{2} a c + a^{2} d^{2} - a^{2} b^{2} + b^{2} a c - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + b^{2} a^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.5

Add $- b^{2} a c$ and $b^{2} a c$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c^{2} b^{2} + a^{2} d^{2} - a^{2} b^{2} + 0 - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + b^{2} a^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.6

Add $- c^{2} d^{2} + c^{2} b^{2} + a^{2} d^{2} - a^{2} b^{2}$ and $0$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c^{2} b^{2} + a^{2} d^{2} - a^{2} b^{2} - d^{2} a^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + b^{2} a^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.7

Reorder the factors in the terms $a^{2} d^{2}$ and $- d^{2} a^{2}$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c^{2} b^{2} + a^{2} d^{2} - a^{2} b^{2} - a^{2} d^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + b^{2} a^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.8

Subtract $a^{2} d^{2}$ from $a^{2} d^{2}$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c^{2} b^{2} - a^{2} b^{2} + 0 + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + b^{2} a^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.9

Add $- c^{2} d^{2} + c^{2} b^{2} - a^{2} b^{2}$ and $0$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c^{2} b^{2} - a^{2} b^{2} + d^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + b^{2} a^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.10

Reorder the factors in the terms $- c^{2} d^{2}$ and $d^{2} c^{2}$ .

$- c^{2} d^{2} + c^{2} b^{2} - a^{2} b^{2} + c^{2} d^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + b^{2} a^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.11

Add $- c^{2} d^{2}$ and $c^{2} d^{2}$ .

$c^{2} b^{2} - a^{2} b^{2} + 0 + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + b^{2} a^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.12

Add $c^{2} b^{2} - a^{2} b^{2}$ and $0$ .

$c^{2} b^{2} - a^{2} b^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + b^{2} a^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.13

Reorder the factors in the terms $- a^{2} b^{2}$ and $b^{2} a^{2}$ .

$c^{2} b^{2} - a^{2} b^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + a^{2} b^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.14

Add $- a^{2} b^{2}$ and $a^{2} b^{2}$ .

$c^{2} b^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + 0 - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.15

Add $c^{2} b^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2}$ and $0$ .

$c^{2} b^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.16

Reorder the factors in the terms $c^{2} b^{2}$ and $- b^{2} c^{2}$ .

$b^{2} c^{2} + d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} - b^{2} c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.17

Subtract $b^{2} c^{2}$ from $b^{2} c^{2}$ .

$d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} + 0 - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.18

Add $d b a^{2} - d b c^{2}$ and $0$ .

$d b a^{2} - d b c^{2} - b d a^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.19

Reorder the factors in the terms $d b a^{2}$ and $- b d a^{2}$ .

$a^{2} b d - d b c^{2} - a^{2} b d + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.20

Subtract $a^{2} b d$ from $a^{2} b d$ .

$- d b c^{2} + 0 + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.21

Add $- d b c^{2}$ and $0$ .

$- d b c^{2} + b d c^{2}$

Step 6.2.22

Reorder the factors in the terms $- d b c^{2}$ and $b d c^{2}$ .

$- c^{2} b d + c^{2} b d$

Step 6.2.23

Add $- c^{2} b d$ and $c^{2} b d$ .

$0$