Linear Algebra Examples

2 x - 3 y + z = 4

$2 x - 3 y + z = 4$

y - 2 z + x - 5 = 0

$y - 2 z + x - 5 = 0$

3 - 2 x = 4 y - z

$3 - 2 x = 4 y - z$

Step 1

Move variables to the left and constant terms to the right.

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Step 1.1

Add

5

$5$ to both sides of the equation.

2 x - 3 y + z = 4

$2 x - 3 y + z = 4$

y - 2 z + x = 5

$y - 2 z + x = 5$

3 - 2 x = 4 y - z

$3 - 2 x = 4 y - z$

Step 1.2

Move

- 2 z

$- 2 z$ .

2 x - 3 y + z = 4

$2 x - 3 y + z = 4$

y + x - 2 z = 5

$y + x - 2 z = 5$

3 - 2 x = 4 y - z

$3 - 2 x = 4 y - z$

Step 1.3

Reorder

y

$y$ and

x

$x$ .

2 x - 3 y + z = 4

$2 x - 3 y + z = 4$

x + y - 2 z = 5

$x + y - 2 z = 5$

3 - 2 x = 4 y - z

$3 - 2 x = 4 y - z$

Step 1.4

Move all terms containing variables to the left side of the equation.

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Step 1.4.1

Subtract

4 y

$4 y$ from both sides of the equation.

2 x - 3 y + z = 4

$2 x - 3 y + z = 4$

x + y - 2 z = 5

$x + y - 2 z = 5$

3 - 2 x - 4 y = - z

$3 - 2 x - 4 y = - z$

Step 1.4.2

Add

z

$z$ to both sides of the equation.

2 x - 3 y + z = 4

$2 x - 3 y + z = 4$

x + y - 2 z = 5

$x + y - 2 z = 5$

3 - 2 x - 4 y + z = 0

$3 - 2 x - 4 y + z = 0$

2 x - 3 y + z = 4

$2 x - 3 y + z = 4$

x + y - 2 z = 5

$x + y - 2 z = 5$

3 - 2 x - 4 y + z = 0

$3 - 2 x - 4 y + z = 0$

Step 1.5

Subtract

3

$3$ from both sides of the equation.

2 x - 3 y + z = 4

$2 x - 3 y + z = 4$

x + y - 2 z = 5

$x + y - 2 z = 5$

- 2 x - 4 y + z = - 3

$- 2 x - 4 y + z = - 3$

2 x - 3 y + z = 4

$2 x - 3 y + z = 4$

x + y - 2 z = 5

$x + y - 2 z = 5$

- 2 x - 4 y + z = - 3

$- 2 x - 4 y + z = - 3$

Step 2

Write the system as a matrix.

[\begin{array}{c} 2 & - 3 & 1 & 4 \\ 1 & 1 & - 2 & 5 \\ - 2 & - 4 & 1 & - 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 2 & - 3 & 1 & 4 \\ 1 & 1 & - 2 & 5 \\ - 2 & - 4 & 1 & - 3 \end{array}]$

Step 3

Find the reduced row echelon form.

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Step 3.1

Multiply each element of

R_{1}

$R_{1}$ by

\frac{1}{2}

$\frac{1}{2}$ to make the entry at

1, 1

$1, 1$ a

1

$1$ .

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Step 3.1.1

Multiply each element of

R_{1}

$R_{1}$ by

\frac{1}{2}

$\frac{1}{2}$ to make the entry at

1, 1

$1, 1$ a

1

$1$ .

[\begin{array}{c} \frac{2}{2} & \frac{- 3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & \frac{4}{2} \\ 1 & 1 & - 2 & 5 \\ - 2 & - 4 & 1 & - 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} \frac{2}{2} & \frac{- 3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & \frac{4}{2} \\ 1 & 1 & - 2 & 5 \\ - 2 & - 4 & 1 & - 3 \end{array}]$

Step 3.1.2

Simplify

R_{1}

$R_{1}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 1 & 1 & - 2 & 5 \\ - 2 & - 4 & 1 & - 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 1 & 1 & - 2 & 5 \\ - 2 & - 4 & 1 & - 3 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 1 & 1 & - 2 & 5 \\ - 2 & - 4 & 1 & - 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 1 & 1 & - 2 & 5 \\ - 2 & - 4 & 1 & - 3 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2

Perform the row operation

R_{2} = R_{2} - R_{1}

$R_{2} = R_{2} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at

2, 1

$2, 1$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 3.2.1

Perform the row operation

R_{2} = R_{2} - R_{1}

$R_{2} = R_{2} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at

2, 1

$2, 1$ a

0

$0$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 1 - 1 & 1 + \frac{3}{2} & - 2 - \frac{1}{2} & 5 - 2 \\ - 2 & - 4 & 1 & - 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 1 - 1 & 1 + \frac{3}{2} & - 2 - \frac{1}{2} & 5 - 2 \\ - 2 & - 4 & 1 & - 3 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2

Simplify

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & \frac{5}{2} & - \frac{5}{2} & 3 \\ - 2 & - 4 & 1 & - 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & \frac{5}{2} & - \frac{5}{2} & 3 \\ - 2 & - 4 & 1 & - 3 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & \frac{5}{2} & - \frac{5}{2} & 3 \\ - 2 & - 4 & 1 & - 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & \frac{5}{2} & - \frac{5}{2} & 3 \\ - 2 & - 4 & 1 & - 3 \end{array}]$

Step 3.3

Perform the row operation

R_{3} = R_{3} + 2 R_{1}

$R_{3} = R_{3} + 2 R_{1}$ to make the entry at

3, 1

$3, 1$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 3.3.1

Perform the row operation

R_{3} = R_{3} + 2 R_{1}

$R_{3} = R_{3} + 2 R_{1}$ to make the entry at

3, 1

$3, 1$ a

0

$0$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & \frac{5}{2} & - \frac{5}{2} & 3 \\ - 2 + 2 \cdot 1 & - 4 + 2 (- \frac{3}{2}) & 1 + 2 (\frac{1}{2}) & - 3 + 2 \cdot 2 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & \frac{5}{2} & - \frac{5}{2} & 3 \\ - 2 + 2 \cdot 1 & - 4 + 2 (- \frac{3}{2}) & 1 + 2 (\frac{1}{2}) & - 3 + 2 \cdot 2 \end{array}]$

Step 3.3.2

Simplify

R_{3}

$R_{3}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & \frac{5}{2} & - \frac{5}{2} & 3 \\ 0 & - 7 & 2 & 1 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & \frac{5}{2} & - \frac{5}{2} & 3 \\ 0 & - 7 & 2 & 1 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & \frac{5}{2} & - \frac{5}{2} & 3 \\ 0 & - 7 & 2 & 1 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & \frac{5}{2} & - \frac{5}{2} & 3 \\ 0 & - 7 & 2 & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.4

Multiply each element of

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ by

\frac{2}{5}

$\frac{2}{5}$ to make the entry at

2, 2

$2, 2$ a

1

$1$ .

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Step 3.4.1

Multiply each element of

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ by

\frac{2}{5}

$\frac{2}{5}$ to make the entry at

2, 2

$2, 2$ a

1

$1$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ \frac{2}{5} \cdot 0 & \frac{2}{5} \cdot \frac{5}{2} & \frac{2}{5} (- \frac{5}{2}) & \frac{2}{5} \cdot 3 \\ 0 & - 7 & 2 & 1 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ \frac{2}{5} \cdot 0 & \frac{2}{5} \cdot \frac{5}{2} & \frac{2}{5} (- \frac{5}{2}) & \frac{2}{5} \cdot 3 \\ 0 & - 7 & 2 & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.4.2

Simplify

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & \frac{6}{5} \\ 0 & - 7 & 2 & 1 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & \frac{6}{5} \\ 0 & - 7 & 2 & 1 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & \frac{6}{5} \\ 0 & - 7 & 2 & 1 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & \frac{6}{5} \\ 0 & - 7 & 2 & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3.5

Perform the row operation

R_{3} = R_{3} + 7 R_{2}

$R_{3} = R_{3} + 7 R_{2}$ to make the entry at

3, 2

$3, 2$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 3.5.1

Perform the row operation

R_{3} = R_{3} + 7 R_{2}

$R_{3} = R_{3} + 7 R_{2}$ to make the entry at

3, 2

$3, 2$ a

0

$0$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & \frac{6}{5} \\ 0 + 7 \cdot 0 & - 7 + 7 \cdot 1 & 2 + 7 \cdot - 1 & 1 + 7 (\frac{6}{5}) \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & \frac{6}{5} \\ 0 + 7 \cdot 0 & - 7 + 7 \cdot 1 & 2 + 7 \cdot - 1 & 1 + 7 (\frac{6}{5}) \end{array}]$

Step 3.5.2

Simplify

R_{3}

$R_{3}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & \frac{6}{5} \\ 0 & 0 & - 5 & \frac{47}{5} \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & \frac{6}{5} \\ 0 & 0 & - 5 & \frac{47}{5} \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & \frac{6}{5} \\ 0 & 0 & - 5 & \frac{47}{5} \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & \frac{6}{5} \\ 0 & 0 & - 5 & \frac{47}{5} \end{array}]$

Step 3.6

Multiply each element of

R_{3}

$R_{3}$ by

- \frac{1}{5}

$- \frac{1}{5}$ to make the entry at

3, 3

$3, 3$ a

1

$1$ .

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Step 3.6.1

Multiply each element of

R_{3}

$R_{3}$ by

- \frac{1}{5}

$- \frac{1}{5}$ to make the entry at

3, 3

$3, 3$ a

1

$1$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & \frac{6}{5} \\ - \frac{1}{5} \cdot 0 & - \frac{1}{5} \cdot 0 & - \frac{1}{5} \cdot - 5 & - \frac{1}{5} \cdot \frac{47}{5} \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & \frac{6}{5} \\ - \frac{1}{5} \cdot 0 & - \frac{1}{5} \cdot 0 & - \frac{1}{5} \cdot - 5 & - \frac{1}{5} \cdot \frac{47}{5} \end{array}]$

Step 3.6.2

Simplify

R_{3}

$R_{3}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & \frac{6}{5} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & \frac{6}{5} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & \frac{6}{5} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & - 1 & \frac{6}{5} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]$

Step 3.7

Perform the row operation

R_{2} = R_{2} + R_{3}

$R_{2} = R_{2} + R_{3}$ to make the entry at

2, 3

$2, 3$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 3.7.1

Perform the row operation

R_{2} = R_{2} + R_{3}

$R_{2} = R_{2} + R_{3}$ to make the entry at

2, 3

$2, 3$ a

0

$0$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 1 \cdot 1 & \frac{6}{5} - \frac{47}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 1 + 1 \cdot 1 & \frac{6}{5} - \frac{47}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]$

Step 3.7.2

Simplify

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]$

Step 3.8

Perform the row operation

R_{1} = R_{1} - \frac{1}{2} R_{3}

$R_{1} = R_{1} - \frac{1}{2} R_{3}$ to make the entry at

1, 3

$1, 3$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 3.8.1

Perform the row operation

R_{1} = R_{1} - \frac{1}{2} R_{3}

$R_{1} = R_{1} - \frac{1}{2} R_{3}$ to make the entry at

1, 3

$1, 3$ a

0

$0$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0 & - \frac{3}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0 & \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 & 2 - \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{47}{25}) \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0 & - \frac{3}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0 & \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 & 2 - \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{47}{25}) \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]$

Step 3.8.2

Simplify

R_{1}

$R_{1}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & 0 & \frac{147}{50} \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & 0 & \frac{147}{50} \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & 0 & \frac{147}{50} \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - \frac{3}{2} & 0 & \frac{147}{50} \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]$

Step 3.9

Perform the row operation

R_{1} = R_{1} + \frac{3}{2} R_{2}

$R_{1} = R_{1} + \frac{3}{2} R_{2}$ to make the entry at

1, 2

$1, 2$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 3.9.1

Perform the row operation

R_{1} = R_{1} + \frac{3}{2} R_{2}

$R_{1} = R_{1} + \frac{3}{2} R_{2}$ to make the entry at

1, 2

$1, 2$ a

0

$0$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 + \frac{3}{2} \cdot 0 & - \frac{3}{2} + \frac{3}{2} \cdot 1 & 0 + \frac{3}{2} \cdot 0 & \frac{147}{50} + \frac{3}{2} (- \frac{17}{25}) \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 + \frac{3}{2} \cdot 0 & - \frac{3}{2} + \frac{3}{2} \cdot 1 & 0 + \frac{3}{2} \cdot 0 & \frac{147}{50} + \frac{3}{2} (- \frac{17}{25}) \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]$

Step 3.9.2

Simplify

R_{1}

$R_{1}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & \frac{48}{25} \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & \frac{48}{25} \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & \frac{48}{25} \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & \frac{48}{25} \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & \frac{48}{25} \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & \frac{48}{25} \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{17}{25} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & - \frac{47}{25} \end{array}]$

Step 4

Use the result matrix to declare the final solution to the system of equations.

x = \frac{48}{25}

$x = \frac{48}{25}$

y = - \frac{17}{25}

$y = - \frac{17}{25}$

z = - \frac{47}{25}

$z = - \frac{47}{25}$

Step 5

The solution is the set of ordered pairs that make the system true.

(\frac{48}{25}, - \frac{17}{25}, - \frac{47}{25})

$(\frac{48}{25}, - \frac{17}{25}, - \frac{47}{25})$