Linear Algebra Examples

[\begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 & 4 \\ 6 & 0 & - 2 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 & 4 \\ 6 & 0 & - 2 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 1

Find the determinant.

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Step 1.1

Choose the row or column with the most

0

$0$ elements. If there are no

0

$0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in column

2

$2$ by its cofactor and add.

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Step 1.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 1.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a

-

$-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 1.1.3

The minor for

a_{12}

$a_{12}$ is the determinant with row

1

$1$ and column

2

$2$ deleted.

| \begin{array}{c} 6 & - 2 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |

$| \begin{array}{c} 6 & - 2 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.1.4

Multiply element

a_{12}

$a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

1 | \begin{array}{c} 6 & - 2 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |

$1 | \begin{array}{c} 6 & - 2 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.1.5

The minor for

a_{22}

$a_{22}$ is the determinant with row

2

$2$ and column

2

$2$ deleted.

| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.1.6

Multiply element

a_{22}

$a_{22}$ by its cofactor.

0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.1.7

The minor for

a_{32}

$a_{32}$ is the determinant with row

3

$3$ and column

2

$2$ deleted.

| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 6 & - 2 \end{array} |

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 6 & - 2 \end{array} |$

Step 1.1.8

Multiply element

a_{32}

$a_{32}$ by its cofactor.

0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 6 & - 2 \end{array} |

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 6 & - 2 \end{array} |$

Step 1.1.9

Add the terms together.

1 | \begin{array}{c} 6 & - 2 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 6 & - 2 \end{array} |

$1 | \begin{array}{c} 6 & - 2 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 6 & - 2 \end{array} |$

1 | \begin{array}{c} 6 & - 2 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 6 & - 2 \end{array} |

$1 | \begin{array}{c} 6 & - 2 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 6 & - 2 \end{array} |$

Step 1.2

Multiply

0

$0$ by

| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

1 | \begin{array}{c} 6 & - 2 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 0 + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 6 & - 2 \end{array} |

$1 | \begin{array}{c} 6 & - 2 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 0 + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 6 & - 2 \end{array} |$

Step 1.3

Multiply

0

$0$ by

| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 6 & - 2 \end{array} |

$| \begin{array}{c} 0 & 4 \\ 6 & - 2 \end{array} |$ .

1 | \begin{array}{c} 6 & - 2 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 0 + 0

$1 | \begin{array}{c} 6 & - 2 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} | + 0 + 0$

Step 1.4

Evaluate

| \begin{array}{c} 6 & - 2 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |

$| \begin{array}{c} 6 & - 2 \\ 1 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

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Step 1.4.1

The determinant of a

2 \times 2

$2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula

| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b

$| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

1 (6 \cdot 0 - 1 \cdot - 2) + 0 + 0

$1 (6 \cdot 0 - 1 \cdot - 2) + 0 + 0$

Step 1.4.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 1.4.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.4.2.1.1

Multiply

6

$6$ by

0

$0$ .

1 (0 - 1 \cdot - 2) + 0 + 0

$1 (0 - 1 \cdot - 2) + 0 + 0$

Step 1.4.2.1.2

Multiply

- 1

$- 1$ by

- 2

$- 2$ .

1 (0 + 2) + 0 + 0

$1 (0 + 2) + 0 + 0$

1 (0 + 2) + 0 + 0

$1 (0 + 2) + 0 + 0$

Step 1.4.2.2

Add

0

$0$ and

2

$2$ .

1 \cdot 2 + 0 + 0

$1 \cdot 2 + 0 + 0$

1 \cdot 2 + 0 + 0

$1 \cdot 2 + 0 + 0$

1 \cdot 2 + 0 + 0

$1 \cdot 2 + 0 + 0$

Step 1.5

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 1.5.1

Multiply

2

$2$ by

1

$1$ .

2 + 0 + 0

$2 + 0 + 0$

Step 1.5.2

Add

2

$2$ and

0

$0$ .

2 + 0

$2 + 0$

Step 1.5.3

Add

2

$2$ and

0

$0$ .

2

$2$

2

$2$

2

$2$

Step 2

Since the determinant is non-zero, the inverse exists.

Step 3

Set up a

3 \times 6

$3 \times 6$ matrix where the left half is the original matrix and the right half is its identity matrix.

[\begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 6 & 0 & - 2 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & - 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 6 & 0 & - 2 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4

Find the reduced row echelon form.

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Step 4.1

Swap

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ with

R_{1}

$R_{1}$ to put a nonzero entry at

1, 1

$1, 1$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 6 & 0 & - 2 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 6 & 0 & - 2 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2

Multiply each element of

R_{1}

$R_{1}$ by

\frac{1}{6}

$\frac{1}{6}$ to make the entry at

1, 1

$1, 1$ a

1

$1$ .

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Step 4.2.1

Multiply each element of

R_{1}

$R_{1}$ by

\frac{1}{6}

$\frac{1}{6}$ to make the entry at

1, 1

$1, 1$ a

1

$1$ .

[\begin{array}{c} \frac{6}{6} & \frac{0}{6} & \frac{- 2}{6} & \frac{0}{6} & \frac{1}{6} & \frac{0}{6} \\ 0 & - 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} \frac{6}{6} & \frac{0}{6} & \frac{- 2}{6} & \frac{0}{6} & \frac{1}{6} & \frac{0}{6} \\ 0 & - 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.2

Simplify

R_{1}

$R_{1}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.3

Perform the row operation

R_{3} = R_{3} - R_{1}

$R_{3} = R_{3} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at

3, 1

$3, 1$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 4.3.1

Perform the row operation

R_{3} = R_{3} - R_{1}

$R_{3} = R_{3} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at

3, 1

$3, 1$ a

0

$0$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 - 1 & 0 - 0 & 0 + \frac{1}{3} & 0 - 0 & 0 - \frac{1}{6} & 1 - 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 - 1 & 0 - 0 & 0 + \frac{1}{3} & 0 - 0 & 0 - \frac{1}{6} & 1 - 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.2

Simplify

R_{3}

$R_{3}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{3} & 0 & - \frac{1}{6} & 1 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{3} & 0 & - \frac{1}{6} & 1 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{3} & 0 & - \frac{1}{6} & 1 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & - 1 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{3} & 0 & - \frac{1}{6} & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.4

Multiply each element of

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ by

- 1

$- 1$ to make the entry at

2, 2

$2, 2$ a

1

$1$ .

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Step 4.4.1

Multiply each element of

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ by

- 1

$- 1$ to make the entry at

2, 2

$2, 2$ a

1

$1$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ - 0 & - - 1 & - 1 \cdot 4 & - 1 \cdot 1 & - 0 & - 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{3} & 0 & - \frac{1}{6} & 1 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ - 0 & - - 1 & - 1 \cdot 4 & - 1 \cdot 1 & - 0 & - 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{3} & 0 & - \frac{1}{6} & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.4.2

Simplify

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 4 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{3} & 0 & - \frac{1}{6} & 1 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 4 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{3} & 0 & - \frac{1}{6} & 1 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 4 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{3} & 0 & - \frac{1}{6} & 1 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 4 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{3} & 0 & - \frac{1}{6} & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.5

Multiply each element of

R_{3}

$R_{3}$ by

3

$3$ to make the entry at

3, 3

$3, 3$ a

1

$1$ .

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Step 4.5.1

Multiply each element of

R_{3}

$R_{3}$ by

3

$3$ to make the entry at

3, 3

$3, 3$ a

1

$1$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 4 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 3 \cdot 0 & 3 \cdot 0 & 3 (\frac{1}{3}) & 3 \cdot 0 & 3 (- \frac{1}{6}) & 3 \cdot 1 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 4 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 3 \cdot 0 & 3 \cdot 0 & 3 (\frac{1}{3}) & 3 \cdot 0 & 3 (- \frac{1}{6}) & 3 \cdot 1 \end{array}]$

Step 4.5.2

Simplify

R_{3}

$R_{3}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 4 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 4 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 4 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - 4 & - 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]$

Step 4.6

Perform the row operation

R_{2} = R_{2} + 4 R_{3}

$R_{2} = R_{2} + 4 R_{3}$ to make the entry at

2, 3

$2, 3$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 4.6.1

Perform the row operation

R_{2} = R_{2} + 4 R_{3}

$R_{2} = R_{2} + 4 R_{3}$ to make the entry at

2, 3

$2, 3$ a

0

$0$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 + 4 \cdot 0 & 1 + 4 \cdot 0 & - 4 + 4 \cdot 1 & - 1 + 4 \cdot 0 & 0 + 4 (- \frac{1}{2}) & 0 + 4 \cdot 3 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 + 4 \cdot 0 & 1 + 4 \cdot 0 & - 4 + 4 \cdot 1 & - 1 + 4 \cdot 0 & 0 + 4 (- \frac{1}{2}) & 0 + 4 \cdot 3 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]$

Step 4.6.2

Simplify

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 & - 2 & 12 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 & - 2 & 12 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 & - 2 & 12 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 & - 2 & 12 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]$

Step 4.7

Perform the row operation

R_{1} = R_{1} + \frac{1}{3} R_{3}

$R_{1} = R_{1} + \frac{1}{3} R_{3}$ to make the entry at

1, 3

$1, 3$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 4.7.1

Perform the row operation

R_{1} = R_{1} + \frac{1}{3} R_{3}

$R_{1} = R_{1} + \frac{1}{3} R_{3}$ to make the entry at

1, 3

$1, 3$ a

0

$0$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 0 & 0 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 0 & - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1 & 0 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 0 & \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{3} (- \frac{1}{2}) & 0 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 3 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 & - 2 & 12 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 0 & 0 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 0 & - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 1 & 0 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 0 & \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{3} (- \frac{1}{2}) & 0 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot 3 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 & - 2 & 12 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]$

Step 4.7.2

Simplify

R_{1}

$R_{1}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 & - 2 & 12 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 & - 2 & 12 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 & - 2 & 12 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 & - 2 & 12 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 & - 2 & 12 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & - 1 & - 2 & 12 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]$

Step 5

The right half of the reduced row echelon form is the inverse.

[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 1 \\ - 1 & - 2 & 12 \\ 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 0 & 1 \\ - 1 & - 2 & 12 \\ 0 & - \frac{1}{2} & 3 \end{array}]$