Finite Math Examples

$[\begin{array}{c} - 3 & - 5 \\ 2 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 1

Set up the formula to find the characteristic equation

$p (λ)$ .

$p (λ) = determinant (A - λ I_{2})$

Step 2

The identity matrix or unit matrix of size

$2$ is the

$2 \times 2$ square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere.

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3

Substitute the known values into

$p (λ) = determinant (A - λ I_{2})$ .

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Step 3.1

Substitute

$[\begin{array}{c} - 3 & - 5 \\ 2 & 0 \end{array}]$ for

$A$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 3 & - 5 \\ 2 & 0 \end{array}] - λ I_{2})$

Step 3.2

Substitute

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{array}]$ for

$I_{2}$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 3 & - 5 \\ 2 & 0 \end{array}] - λ [\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.1.1

Multiply

$- λ$ by each element of the matrix.

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 3 & - 5 \\ 2 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2

Simplify each element in the matrix.

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Step 4.1.2.1

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 3 & - 5 \\ 2 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.2

Multiply

$- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.2.1

Multiply

$0$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 3 & - 5 \\ 2 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.2.2

Multiply

$0$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 3 & - 5 \\ 2 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.3

Multiply

$- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.3.1

Multiply

$0$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 3 & - 5 \\ 2 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.3.2

Multiply

$0$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 3 & - 5 \\ 2 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.4

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} - 3 & - 5 \\ 2 & 0 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \end{array}])$

Step 4.2

Add the corresponding elements.

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 3 - λ & - 5 + 0 \\ 2 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3

Simplify each element.

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Step 4.3.1

Add

$- 5$ and

$0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 3 - λ & - 5 \\ 2 + 0 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.2

Add

$2$ and

$0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 3 - λ & - 5 \\ 2 & 0 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.3

Subtract

$λ$ from

$0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} - 3 - λ & - 5 \\ 2 & - λ \end{array}]$

Step 5

Find the determinant.

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Step 5.1

The determinant of a

$2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula

$| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = (- 3 - λ) (- λ) - 2 \cdot - 5$

Step 5.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.2.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = - 3 (- λ) - λ (- λ) - 2 \cdot - 5$

Step 5.2.1.2

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$- 3$ .

$p (λ) = 3 λ - λ (- λ) - 2 \cdot - 5$

Step 5.2.1.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = 3 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ \cdot λ - 2 \cdot - 5$

Step 5.2.1.4

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.2.1.4.1

Multiply

$λ$ by

$λ$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.2.1.4.1.1

Move

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = 3 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ \cdot λ) - 2 \cdot - 5$

Step 5.2.1.4.1.2

Multiply

$λ$ by

$λ$ .

$p (λ) = 3 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{2} - 2 \cdot - 5$

Step 5.2.1.4.2

Multiply

$- 1$ by

$- 1$ .

$p (λ) = 3 λ + 1 λ^{2} - 2 \cdot - 5$

Step 5.2.1.4.3

Multiply

$λ^{2}$ by

$1$ .

$p (λ) = 3 λ + λ^{2} - 2 \cdot - 5$

Step 5.2.1.5

Multiply

$- 2$ by

$- 5$ .

$p (λ) = 3 λ + λ^{2} + 10$

Step 5.2.2

Reorder

$3 λ$ and

$λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = λ^{2} + 3 λ + 10$

Step 6

Set the characteristic polynomial equal to

$0$ to find the eigenvalues

$λ$ .

$λ^{2} + 3 λ + 10 = 0$

Step 7

Solve for

$λ$ .

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Step 7.1

Use the quadratic formula to find the solutions.

$\frac{- b \pm \sqrt{b^{2} - 4 (a c)}}{2 a}$

Step 7.2

Substitute the values

$a = 1$ ,

$b = 3$ , and

$c = 10$ into the quadratic formula and solve for

$λ$ .

$\frac{- 3 \pm \sqrt{3^{2} - 4 \cdot (1 \cdot 10)}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 7.3

Simplify.

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Step 7.3.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 7.3.1.1

Raise

$3$ to the power of

$2$ .

$λ = \frac{- 3 \pm \sqrt{9 - 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 10}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 7.3.1.2

Multiply

$- 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 10$ .

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Step 7.3.1.2.1

Multiply

$- 4$ by

$1$ .

$λ = \frac{- 3 \pm \sqrt{9 - 4 \cdot 10}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 7.3.1.2.2

Multiply

$- 4$ by

$10$ .

$λ = \frac{- 3 \pm \sqrt{9 - 40}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 7.3.1.3

Subtract

$40$ from

$9$ .

$λ = \frac{- 3 \pm \sqrt{- 31}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 7.3.1.4

Rewrite

$- 31$ as

$- 1 (31)$ .

$λ = \frac{- 3 \pm \sqrt{- 1 \cdot 31}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 7.3.1.5

Rewrite

$\sqrt{- 1 (31)}$ as

$\sqrt{- 1} \cdot \sqrt{31}$ .

$λ = \frac{- 3 \pm \sqrt{- 1} \cdot \sqrt{31}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 7.3.1.6

Rewrite

$\sqrt{- 1}$ as

$i$ .

$λ = \frac{- 3 \pm i \sqrt{31}}{2 \cdot 1}$

Step 7.3.2

Multiply

$2$ by

$1$ .

$λ = \frac{- 3 \pm i \sqrt{31}}{2}$

Step 7.4

The final answer is the combination of both solutions.

$λ = - \frac{3 - i \sqrt{31}}{2}, - \frac{3 + i \sqrt{31}}{2}$