Calculus Examples

$\int_{0}^{π} \sin^{2} (t) \cos^{4} (t) d t$

Step 1

Simplify with factoring out.

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Step 1.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\int_{0}^{π} \sin^{2} (t) {\cos (t)}^{2 (2)} d t$

Step 1.2

Rewrite ${\cos (t)}^{2 (2)}$ as exponentiation.

$\int_{0}^{π} \sin^{2} (t) {(\cos^{2} (t))}^{2} d t$

$\int_{0}^{π} \sin^{2} (t) {(\cos^{2} (t))}^{2} d t$

Step 2

Use the half-angle formula to rewrite $\cos^{2} (t)$ as $\frac{1 + \cos (2 t)}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{π} \sin^{2} (t) {(\frac{1 + \cos (2 t)}{2})}^{2} d t$

Step 3

Use the half-angle formula to rewrite $\sin^{2} (t)$ as $\frac{1 - \cos (2 t)}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{π} \frac{1 - \cos (2 t)}{2} {(\frac{1 + \cos (2 t)}{2})}^{2} d t$

Step 4

Let $u_{1} = 2 t$ . Then $d u_{1} = 2 d t$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u_{1} = d t$ . Rewrite using $u_{1}$ and $d$ $u_{1}$ .

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Step 4.1

Let $u_{1} = 2 t$ . Find $\frac{d u_{1}}{d t}$ .

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Step 4.1.1

Differentiate $2 t$ .

$\frac{d}{d t} [2 t]$

Step 4.1.2

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $t$ , the derivative of $2 t$ with respect to $t$ is $2 \frac{d}{d t} [t]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d t} [t]$

Step 4.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d t} [t^{n}]$ is $n t^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1$

Step 4.1.4

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$2$

$2$

Step 4.2

Substitute the lower limit in for $t$ in $u_{1} = 2 t$ .

$u_{lower} = 2 \cdot 0$

Step 4.3

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$u_{lower} = 0$

Step 4.4

Substitute the upper limit in for $t$ in $u_{1} = 2 t$ .

$u_{upper} = 2 π$

Step 4.5

The values found for $u_{lower}$ and $u_{upper}$ will be used to evaluate the definite integral.

$u_{lower} = 0$

$u_{upper} = 2 π$

Step 4.6

Rewrite the problem using $u_{1}$ , $d u_{1}$ , and the new limits of integration.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1 - \cos (u_{1})}{2} {(\frac{1 + \cos (u_{1})}{2})}^{2} \frac{1}{2} d u_{1}$

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1 - \cos (u_{1})}{2} {(\frac{1 + \cos (u_{1})}{2})}^{2} \frac{1}{2} d u_{1}$

Step 5

Simplify by multiplying through.

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Step 5.1

Simplify.

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Step 5.1.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{1 - \cos (u_{1})}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1 - \cos (u_{1})}{2 \cdot 2} {(\frac{1 + \cos (u_{1})}{2})}^{2} d u_{1}$

Step 5.1.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1 - \cos (u_{1})}{4} {(\frac{1 + \cos (u_{1})}{2})}^{2} d u_{1}$

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1 - \cos (u_{1})}{4} {(\frac{1 + \cos (u_{1})}{2})}^{2} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2

Simplify with commuting.

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Step 5.2.1

Rewrite $\frac{1 - \cos (u_{1})}{4}$ as a product.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{4} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})) {(\frac{1 + \cos (u_{1})}{2})}^{2} d u_{1}$

Step 5.2.2

Rewrite $\frac{1 + \cos (u_{1})}{2}$ as a product.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{4} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})) {(\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 + \cos (u_{1})))}^{2} d u_{1}$

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{4} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})) {(\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 + \cos (u_{1})))}^{2} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3

Expand $\frac{1}{4} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})) {(\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 + \cos (u_{1})))}^{2}$ .

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Step 5.3.1

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{4} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 + \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 + \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} (\frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 + \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 + \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} (\frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) ((\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 + \cos (u_{1})))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} (\frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) ((\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.5

Apply the distributive property.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} (\frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.6

Apply the distributive property.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} (\frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.7

Apply the distributive property.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} (\frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.8

Apply the distributive property.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.9

Apply the distributive property.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.10

Apply the distributive property.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.11

Apply the distributive property.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.12

Apply the distributive property.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.13

Apply the distributive property.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.14

Apply the distributive property.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.15

Reorder $\frac{1}{4}$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.16

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.17

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2})) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.18

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.19

Move parentheses.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.20

Move parentheses.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (1 \cdot 1) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.21

Move $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.22

Reorder $\frac{1}{4}$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.23

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.24

Move parentheses.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2}) \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.25

Move parentheses.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.26

Move $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.27

Reorder $\frac{1}{4}$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.28

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2})) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.29

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.30

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.31

Move parentheses.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1})) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.32

Move parentheses.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.33

Move $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.34

Reorder $\frac{1}{4}$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.35

Move parentheses.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2}) \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.36

Move parentheses.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.37

Reorder $\frac{1}{4}$ and $- 1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.38

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.39

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2})) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.40

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.41

Move parentheses.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.42

Move parentheses.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot 1) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.43

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.44

Move $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.45

Reorder $\frac{1}{4}$ and $- 1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.46

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.47

Move parentheses.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2}) \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.48

Move parentheses.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.49

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.50

Move $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.51

Reorder $\frac{1}{4}$ and $- 1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1)) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.52

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2})) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.53

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.54

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.55

Move parentheses.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1})) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.56

Move parentheses.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.57

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cdot 1 \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.58

Move $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.59

Reorder $\frac{1}{4}$ and $- 1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.60

Move parentheses.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2}) \cdot \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.61

Move parentheses.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1})) \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.62

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.63

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.64

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.65

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{4 \cdot 2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.66

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.67

Multiply $\frac{1}{8}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{8 \cdot 2} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.68

Multiply $8$ by $2$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.69

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.70

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.71

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{1}{4 \cdot 2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.72

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.73

Multiply $\frac{1}{8}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{1}{8 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.74

Multiply $8$ by $2$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{1}{16} \cos (u_{1}) + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.75

Combine $\frac{1}{16}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.76

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.77

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.78

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{4 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.79

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{8} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.80

Combine $\frac{1}{8}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.81

Multiply $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8 \cdot 2} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.82

Multiply $8$ by $2$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.83

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.84

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{4 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.85

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{8} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.86

Combine $\frac{1}{8}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.87

Multiply $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.88

Multiply $8$ by $2$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.89

Combine $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{16} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.90

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{16} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.91

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos^{1} (u_{1})}{16} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.92

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{{\cos (u_{1})}^{1 + 1}}{16} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.93

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.94

Add $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16}$ and $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + 2 \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.95

Combine $2$ and $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.96

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.97

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.98

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.99

Combine $- \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4 \cdot 2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.100

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.101

Combine $- \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8 \cdot 2} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.102

Multiply $8$ by $2$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.103

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.104

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.105

Combine $- \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4 \cdot 2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.106

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.107

Combine $- \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.108

Multiply $8$ by $2$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.109

Combine $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{16} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.110

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{16} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.111

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos^{1} (u_{1})}{16} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.112

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{{\cos (u_{1})}^{1 + 1}}{16} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.113

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.114

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.115

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.116

Combine $- \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.117

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.118

Combine $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{8}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.119

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.120

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos^{1} (u_{1})}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.121

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{{\cos (u_{1})}^{1 + 1}}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.122

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.123

Combine $- \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{8 \cdot 2} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.124

Multiply $8$ by $2$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - 1 (\frac{1}{4}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.125

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - 1 \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.126

Combine $- 1 \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.127

Combine $\frac{- 1 \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}}{2}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} \cos (u_{1})}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.128

Combine $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{4}}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.129

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{4}}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.130

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos^{1} (u_{1})}{4}}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.131

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{{\cos (u_{1})}^{1 + 1}}{4}}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.132

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4}}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.133

Multiply $\frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4}}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4}}{2 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.134

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.135

Combine $\frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4}}{4}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} \cos (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.136

Combine $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{4}}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.137

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1}) \cos^{1} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.138

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{{\cos (u_{1})}^{2 + 1}}{4}}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.139

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.140

Subtract $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16}$ from $- \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} - 2 \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.141

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.142

Reorder $\frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16}$ and $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.143

Reorder $\frac{1}{16}$ and $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.144

Reorder $\frac{- 2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16}$ and $\frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} + \frac{- 2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.145

Move $- \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} + \frac{- 2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.146

Move $\frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} + \frac{- 2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.147

Move $\frac{1}{16}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} + \frac{- 2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.148

Reorder $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16}$ and $\frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- 2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.149

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1}) - 2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.150

Subtract $2 \cos^{2} (u_{1})$ from $\cos^{2} (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} + \frac{- \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.151

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} + \frac{- \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{2 \cos (u_{1}) - \cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 5.3.152

Subtract $\cos (u_{1})$ from $2 \cos (u_{1})$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} + \frac{- \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} + \frac{- \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 5.4

Simplify.

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Step 5.4.1

Rewrite $- 1 \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}$ as $- \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{- \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4} + \frac{- \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 5.4.2

Rewrite $\frac{- \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}}{4}$ as a product.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{4} + \frac{- \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 5.4.3

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $\frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4}$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{4 \cdot 4} + \frac{- \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 5.4.4

Multiply $4$ by $4$ .

$\int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{- \cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 5.4.5

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

$\int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

$\int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 6

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 7

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$- \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos^{3} (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 8

Since $\frac{1}{16}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{16}$ out of the integral.

$- (\frac{1}{16} \int_{0}^{2 π} \cos^{3} (u_{1}) d u_{1}) + \int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 9

Factor out $\cos^{2} (u_{1})$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} \int_{0}^{2 π} \cos^{2} (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 10

Using the Pythagorean Identity, rewrite $\cos^{2} (u_{1})$ as $1 - \sin^{2} (u_{1})$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} \int_{0}^{2 π} (1 - \sin^{2} (u_{1})) \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 11

Let $u_{2} = \sin (u_{1})$ . Then $d u_{2} = \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$ , so $\frac{1}{\cos (u_{1})} d u_{2} = d u_{1}$ . Rewrite using $u_{2}$ and $d$ $u_{2}$ .

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Step 11.1

Let $u_{2} = \sin (u_{1})$ . Find $\frac{d u_{2}}{d u_{1}}$ .

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Step 11.1.1

Differentiate $\sin (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\sin (u_{1})]$

Step 11.1.2

The derivative of $\sin (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\cos (u_{1})$

$\cos (u_{1})$

Step 11.2

Substitute the lower limit in for $u_{1}$ in $u_{2} = \sin (u_{1})$ .

$u_{lower} = \sin (0)$

Step 11.3

The exact value of $\sin (0)$ is $0$ .

$u_{lower} = 0$

Step 11.4

Substitute the upper limit in for $u_{1}$ in $u_{2} = \sin (u_{1})$ .

$u_{upper} = \sin (2 π)$

Step 11.5

Simplify.

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Step 11.5.1

Subtract full rotations of $2 π$ until the angle is greater than or equal to $0$ and less than $2 π$ .

$u_{upper} = \sin (0)$

Step 11.5.2

The exact value of $\sin (0)$ is $0$ .

$u_{upper} = 0$

$u_{upper} = 0$

Step 11.6

The values found for $u_{lower}$ and $u_{upper}$ will be used to evaluate the definite integral.

$u_{lower} = 0$

$u_{upper} = 0$

Step 11.7

Rewrite the problem using $u_{2}$ , $d u_{2}$ , and the new limits of integration.

$- \frac{1}{16} \int_{0}^{0} 1 - {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2} + \int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

$- \frac{1}{16} \int_{0}^{0} 1 - {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2} + \int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 12

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$- \frac{1}{16} (\int_{0}^{0} d u_{2} + \int_{0}^{0} - {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}) + \int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 13

Apply the constant rule.

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} + \int_{0}^{0} - {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}) + \int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 14

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u_{2}$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - \int_{0}^{0} {u_{2}}^{2} d u_{2}) + \int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 15

By the Power Rule, the integral of ${u_{2}}^{2}$ with respect to $u_{2}$ is $\frac{1}{3} {u_{2}}^{3}$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{1}{3} {u_{2}}^{3}]_{0}^{0})) + \int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 16

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and ${u_{2}}^{3}$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) + \int_{0}^{2 π} - \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 17

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 18

Since $\frac{1}{16}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{16}$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - (\frac{1}{16} \int_{0}^{2 π} \cos^{2} (u_{1}) d u_{1}) + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 19

Use the half-angle formula to rewrite $\cos^{2} (u_{1})$ as $\frac{1 + \cos (2 u_{1})}{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \frac{1}{16} \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1 + \cos (2 u_{1})}{2} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 20

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \frac{1}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{2 π} 1 + \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1}) + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 21

Simplify.

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Step 21.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{16}$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \frac{1}{2 \cdot 16} \int_{0}^{2 π} 1 + \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 21.2

Multiply $2$ by $16$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \frac{1}{32} \int_{0}^{2 π} 1 + \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \frac{1}{32} \int_{0}^{2 π} 1 + \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 22

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \frac{1}{32} (\int_{0}^{2 π} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1}) + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 23

Apply the constant rule.

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \frac{1}{32} (u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1}) + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 24

Let $u_{3} = 2 u_{1}$ . Then $d u_{3} = 2 d u_{1}$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u_{3} = d u_{1}$ . Rewrite using $u_{3}$ and $d$ $u_{3}$ .

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Step 24.1

Let $u_{3} = 2 u_{1}$ . Find $\frac{d u_{3}}{d u_{1}}$ .

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Step 24.1.1

Differentiate $2 u_{1}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [2 u_{1}]$

Step 24.1.2

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , the derivative of $2 u_{1}$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $2 \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1}]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1}]$

Step 24.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1$

Step 24.1.4

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$2$

$2$

Step 24.2

Substitute the lower limit in for $u_{1}$ in $u_{3} = 2 u_{1}$ .

$u_{lower} = 2 \cdot 0$

Step 24.3

Multiply $2$ by $0$ .

$u_{lower} = 0$

Step 24.4

Substitute the upper limit in for $u_{1}$ in $u_{3} = 2 u_{1}$ .

$u_{upper} = 2 (2 π)$

Step 24.5

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$u_{upper} = 4 π$

Step 24.6

The values found for $u_{lower}$ and $u_{upper}$ will be used to evaluate the definite integral.

$u_{lower} = 0$

$u_{upper} = 4 π$

Step 24.7

Rewrite the problem using $u_{3}$ , $d u_{3}$ , and the new limits of integration.

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \frac{1}{32} (u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \int_{0}^{4 π} \cos (u_{3}) \frac{1}{2} d u_{3}) + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \frac{1}{32} (u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \int_{0}^{4 π} \cos (u_{3}) \frac{1}{2} d u_{3}) + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 25

Combine $\cos (u_{3})$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \frac{1}{32} (u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \int_{0}^{4 π} \frac{\cos (u_{3})}{2} d u_{3}) + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 26

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{3}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \frac{1}{32} (u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{4 π} \cos (u_{3}) d u_{3}) + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 27

The integral of $\cos (u_{3})$ with respect to $u_{3}$ is $\sin (u_{3})$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \frac{1}{32} (u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \frac{1}{2} \sin (u_{3})]_{0}^{4 π}) + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{1}{16} d u_{1} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 28

Apply the constant rule.

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \frac{1}{32} (u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \frac{1}{2} \sin (u_{3})]_{0}^{4 π}) + \frac{1}{16} u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \int_{0}^{2 π} \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{16} d u_{1}$

Step 29

Since $\frac{1}{16}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{16}$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \frac{1}{32} (u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \frac{1}{2} \sin (u_{3})]_{0}^{4 π}) + \frac{1}{16} u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \frac{1}{16} \int_{0}^{2 π} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 30

The integral of $\cos (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\sin (u_{1})$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (u_{2}]_{0}^{0} - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \frac{1}{32} (u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \frac{1}{2} \sin (u_{3})]_{0}^{4 π}) + \frac{1}{16} u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \frac{1}{16} \sin (u_{1})]_{0}^{2 π}$

Step 31

Substitute and simplify.

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Step 31.1

Evaluate $u_{2}$ at $0$ and at $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} ((0) + 0 - (\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}]_{0}^{0})) - \frac{1}{32} (u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \frac{1}{2} \sin (u_{3})]_{0}^{4 π}) + \frac{1}{16} u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \frac{1}{16} \sin (u_{1})]_{0}^{2 π}$

Step 31.2

Evaluate $\frac{{u_{2}}^{3}}{3}$ at $0$ and at $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} ((0) + 0 - ((\frac{0^{3}}{3}) - \frac{0^{3}}{3})) - \frac{1}{32} (u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \frac{1}{2} \sin (u_{3})]_{0}^{4 π}) + \frac{1}{16} u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \frac{1}{16} \sin (u_{1})]_{0}^{2 π}$

Step 31.3

Evaluate $u_{1}$ at $2 π$ and at $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} ((0) + 0 - ((\frac{0^{3}}{3}) - \frac{0^{3}}{3})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} \sin (u_{3})]_{0}^{4 π}) + \frac{1}{16} u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \frac{1}{16} \sin (u_{1})]_{0}^{2 π}$

Step 31.4

Evaluate $\sin (u_{3})$ at $4 π$ and at $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} ((0) + 0 - ((\frac{0^{3}}{3}) - \frac{0^{3}}{3})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + \frac{1}{16} u_{1}]_{0}^{2 π} + \frac{1}{16} \sin (u_{1})]_{0}^{2 π}$

Step 31.5

Evaluate $\frac{1}{16} u_{1}$ at $2 π$ and at $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} ((0) + 0 - ((\frac{0^{3}}{3}) - \frac{0^{3}}{3})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} \sin (u_{1})]_{0}^{2 π}$

Step 31.6

Evaluate $\sin (u_{1})$ at $2 π$ and at $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} ((0) + 0 - ((\frac{0^{3}}{3}) - \frac{0^{3}}{3})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7

Simplify.

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Step 31.7.1

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - ((\frac{0^{3}}{3}) - \frac{0^{3}}{3})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.2

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (\frac{0}{3} - \frac{0^{3}}{3})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.3

Cancel the common factor of $0$ and $3$ .

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Step 31.7.3.1

Factor $3$ out of $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (\frac{3 (0)}{3} - \frac{0^{3}}{3})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.3.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 31.7.3.2.1

Factor $3$ out of $3$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (\frac{3 \cdot 0}{3 \cdot 1} - \frac{0^{3}}{3})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.3.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (\frac{3 \cdot 0}{3 \cdot 1} - \frac{0^{3}}{3})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.3.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (\frac{0}{1} - \frac{0^{3}}{3})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.3.2.4

Divide $0$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (0 - \frac{0^{3}}{3})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (0 - \frac{0^{3}}{3})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (0 - \frac{0^{3}}{3})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.4

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (0 - \frac{0}{3})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.5

Cancel the common factor of $0$ and $3$ .

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Step 31.7.5.1

Factor $3$ out of $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (0 - \frac{3 (0)}{3})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.5.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 31.7.5.2.1

Factor $3$ out of $3$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (0 - \frac{3 \cdot 0}{3 \cdot 1})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.5.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (0 - \frac{3 \cdot 0}{3 \cdot 1})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.5.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (0 - \frac{0}{1})) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.5.2.4

Divide $0$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (0 - 0)) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (0 - 0)) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (0 - 0)) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - (0 + 0)) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.7

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 - 0) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.8

Multiply $- 1$ by $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} (0 + 0) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.9

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.10

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$0 (\frac{1}{16}) - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.11

Multiply $0$ by $\frac{1}{16}$ .

$0 - \frac{1}{32} ((2 π) + 0 + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.12

Add $2 π$ and $0$ .

$0 - \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} ((\sin (4 π)) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.13

Subtract $\frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - \sin (0)))$ from $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - \sin (0))) + (\frac{1}{16} (2 π)) - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.14

Combine $2$ and $\frac{1}{16}$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - \sin (0))) + \frac{2}{16} π - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.15

Combine $\frac{2}{16}$ and $π$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - \sin (0))) + \frac{2 π}{16} - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.16

Cancel the common factor of $2$ and $16$ .

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Step 31.7.16.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 π$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - \sin (0))) + \frac{2 (π)}{16} - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.16.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 31.7.16.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $16$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - \sin (0))) + \frac{2 π}{2 \cdot 8} - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.16.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - \sin (0))) + \frac{2 π}{2 \cdot 8} - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.16.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - \sin (0))) + \frac{π}{8} - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - \sin (0))) + \frac{π}{8} - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - \sin (0))) + \frac{π}{8} - \frac{1}{16} \cdot 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.17

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - \sin (0))) + \frac{π}{8} + 0 (\frac{1}{16}) + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.18

Multiply $0$ by $\frac{1}{16}$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - \sin (0))) + \frac{π}{8} + 0 + \frac{1}{16} ((\sin (2 π)) - \sin (0))$

Step 31.7.19

Add $\frac{π}{8}$ and $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - \sin (0))) + \frac{π}{8} + \frac{1}{16} (\sin (2 π) - \sin (0))$

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - \sin (0))) + \frac{π}{8} + \frac{1}{16} (\sin (2 π) - \sin (0))$

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - \sin (0))) + \frac{π}{8} + \frac{1}{16} (\sin (2 π) - \sin (0))$

Step 32

Simplify.

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Step 32.1

The exact value of $\sin (0)$ is $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - 0)) + \frac{π}{8} + \frac{1}{16} (\sin (2 π) - \sin (0))$

Step 32.2

The exact value of $\sin (0)$ is $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) - 0)) + \frac{π}{8} + \frac{1}{16} (\sin (2 π) - 0)$

Step 32.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (4 π) + 0)) + \frac{π}{8} + \frac{1}{16} (\sin (2 π) - 0)$

Step 32.4

Add $\sin (4 π)$ and $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{1}{2} \sin (4 π)) + \frac{π}{8} + \frac{1}{16} (\sin (2 π) - 0)$

Step 32.5

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\sin (4 π)$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) + \frac{π}{8} + \frac{1}{16} (\sin (2 π) - 0)$

Step 32.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) + \frac{π}{8} + \frac{1}{16} (\sin (2 π) + 0)$

Step 32.7

Add $\sin (2 π)$ and $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) + \frac{π}{8} + \frac{1}{16} \sin (2 π)$

Step 32.8

Combine $\frac{1}{16}$ and $\sin (2 π)$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) + \frac{π}{8} + \frac{\sin (2 π)}{16}$

Step 32.9

To write $- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2})$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{16}{16}$ .

$- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) \cdot \frac{16}{16} + \frac{\sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 32.10

Combine $- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2})$ and $\frac{16}{16}$ .

$\frac{- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) \cdot 16}{16} + \frac{\sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 32.11

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- \frac{1}{32} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) \cdot 16 + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 32.12

Multiply $16$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{- 16 (\frac{1}{32}) (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 32.13

Combine $- 16$ and $\frac{1}{32}$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 16}{32} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 32.14

Cancel the common factor of $- 16$ and $32$ .

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Step 32.14.1

Factor $16$ out of $- 16$ .

$\frac{\frac{16 (- 1)}{32} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 32.14.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 32.14.2.1

Factor $16$ out of $32$ .

$\frac{\frac{16 \cdot - 1}{16 \cdot 2} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 32.14.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{\frac{16 \cdot - 1}{16 \cdot 2} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 32.14.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{\frac{- 1}{2} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

$\frac{\frac{- 1}{2} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

$\frac{\frac{- 1}{2} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 32.15

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{- \frac{1}{2} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

$\frac{- \frac{1}{2} (2 π + \frac{\sin (4 π)}{2}) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 33

Simplify.

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Step 33.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 33.1.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 33.1.1.1

Subtract full rotations of $2 π$ until the angle is greater than or equal to $0$ and less than $2 π$ .

$\frac{- \frac{1}{2} (2 π + \frac{\sin (0)}{2}) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 33.1.1.2

The exact value of $\sin (0)$ is $0$ .

$\frac{- \frac{1}{2} (2 π + \frac{0}{2}) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

$\frac{- \frac{1}{2} (2 π + \frac{0}{2}) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 33.1.2

Divide $0$ by $2$ .

$\frac{- \frac{1}{2} (2 π + 0) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

$\frac{- \frac{1}{2} (2 π + 0) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 33.2

Add $2 π$ and $0$ .

$\frac{- \frac{1}{2} (2 π) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 33.3

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 33.3.1

Move the leading negative in $- \frac{1}{2}$ into the numerator.

$\frac{\frac{- 1}{2} (2 π) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 33.3.2

Factor $2$ out of $2 π$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 1}{2} (2 (π)) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 33.3.3

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{\frac{- 1}{2} (2 π) + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 33.3.4

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- π + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

$\frac{- π + \sin (2 π)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 33.4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 33.4.1

Subtract full rotations of $2 π$ until the angle is greater than or equal to $0$ and less than $2 π$ .

$\frac{- π + \sin (0)}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 33.4.2

The exact value of $\sin (0)$ is $0$ .

$\frac{- π + 0}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 33.4.3

Add $- π$ and $0$ .

$\frac{- π}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

$\frac{- π}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 33.5

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{π}{16} + \frac{π}{8}$

Step 33.6

To write $\frac{π}{8}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \frac{π}{16} + \frac{π}{8} \cdot \frac{2}{2}$

Step 33.7

Write each expression with a common denominator of $16$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 33.7.1

Multiply $\frac{π}{8}$ by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \frac{π}{16} + \frac{π \cdot 2}{8 \cdot 2}$

Step 33.7.2

Multiply $8$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{π}{16} + \frac{π \cdot 2}{16}$

$- \frac{π}{16} + \frac{π \cdot 2}{16}$

Step 33.8

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- π + π \cdot 2}{16}$

Step 33.9

Add $- π$ and $π \cdot 2$ .

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Step 33.9.1

Reorder $π$ and $2$ .

$\frac{- π + 2 \cdot π}{16}$

Step 33.9.2

Add $- π$ and $2 \cdot π$ .

$\frac{π}{16}$

$\frac{π}{16}$

$\frac{π}{16}$

Step 34

The result can be shown in multiple forms.

Exact Form:

$\frac{π}{16}$

Decimal Form:

$0.19634954 \dots$

$[\begin{array}{c} x^{2} & \frac{1}{2} \\ \sqrt{π} & \int x d x \end{array}]$