Calculus Examples

$\int 1 + \cos^{2} (t) d t$

Step 1

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int d t + \int \cos^{2} (t) d t$

Step 2

Apply the constant rule.

$t + C + \int \cos^{2} (t) d t$

Step 3

Use the half-angle formula to rewrite $\cos^{2} (t)$ as $\frac{1 + \cos (2 t)}{2}$ .

$t + C + \int \frac{1 + \cos (2 t)}{2} d t$

Step 4

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $t$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$t + C + \frac{1}{2} \int 1 + \cos (2 t) d t$

Step 5

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$t + C + \frac{1}{2} (\int d t + \int \cos (2 t) d t)$

Step 6

Apply the constant rule.

$t + C + \frac{1}{2} (t + C + \int \cos (2 t) d t)$

Step 7

Let $u = 2 t$ . Then $d u = 2 d t$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u = d t$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 7.1

Let $u = 2 t$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d t}$ .

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Step 7.1.1

Differentiate $2 t$ .

$\frac{d}{d t} [2 t]$

Step 7.1.2

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $t$ , the derivative of $2 t$ with respect to $t$ is $2 \frac{d}{d t} [t]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d t} [t]$

Step 7.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d t} [t^{n}]$ is $n t^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1$

Step 7.1.4

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$2$

Step 7.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$t + C + \frac{1}{2} (t + C + \int \cos (u) \frac{1}{2} d u)$

Step 8

Combine $\cos (u)$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$t + C + \frac{1}{2} (t + C + \int \frac{\cos (u)}{2} d u)$

Step 9

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$t + C + \frac{1}{2} (t + C + \frac{1}{2} \int \cos (u) d u)$

Step 10

The integral of $\cos (u)$ with respect to $u$ is $\sin (u)$ .

$t + C + \frac{1}{2} (t + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u) + C))$

Step 11

Simplify.

$t + \frac{1}{2} (t + \frac{1}{2} \sin (u)) + C$

Step 12

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $2 t$ .

$t + \frac{1}{2} (t + \frac{1}{2} \sin (2 t)) + C$

Step 13

Simplify.

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Step 13.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\sin (2 t)$ .

$t + \frac{1}{2} (t + \frac{\sin (2 t)}{2}) + C$

Step 13.2

Apply the distributive property.

$t + \frac{1}{2} t + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin (2 t)}{2} + C$

Step 13.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $t$ .

$t + \frac{t}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin (2 t)}{2} + C$

Step 13.4

Multiply $\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin (2 t)}{2}$ .

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Step 13.4.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{\sin (2 t)}{2}$ .

$t + \frac{t}{2} + \frac{\sin (2 t)}{2 \cdot 2} + C$

Step 13.4.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$t + \frac{t}{2} + \frac{\sin (2 t)}{4} + C$

Step 14

Reorder terms.

$t + \frac{1}{2} t + \frac{1}{4} \sin (2 t) + C$