Calculus Examples

$\int 1 - \csc^{2} (2 x) d x$

Step 1

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int d x + \int - \csc^{2} (2 x) d x$

Step 2

Apply the constant rule.

$x + C + \int - \csc^{2} (2 x) d x$

Step 3

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$x + C - \int \csc^{2} (2 x) d x$

Step 4

Let $u = 2 x$ . Then $d u = 2 d x$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 4.1

Let $u = 2 x$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 4.1.1

Differentiate $2 x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [2 x]$

Step 4.1.2

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 4.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1$

Step 4.1.4

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$2$

Step 4.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$x + C - \int \csc^{2} (u) \frac{1}{2} d u$

Step 5

Combine $\csc^{2} (u)$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$x + C - \int \frac{\csc^{2} (u)}{2} d u$

Step 6

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$x + C - (\frac{1}{2} \int \csc^{2} (u) d u)$

Step 7

Since the derivative of $- \cot (u)$ is $\csc^{2} (u)$ , the integral of $\csc^{2} (u)$ is $- \cot (u)$ .

$x + C - \frac{1}{2} (- \cot (u) + C)$

Step 8

Simplify.

$x + \frac{\cot (u)}{2} + C$

Step 9

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $2 x$ .

$x + \frac{\cot (2 x)}{2} + C$

Step 10

Reorder terms.

$x + \frac{1}{2} \cot (2 x) + C$