Calculus Examples

$f (x) = (x^{3} - 3 + 1) (x + 2)$ , $(1, - 3)$

Step 1

Check if the given point is on the graph of the given function.

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Step 1.1

Evaluate $f (x) = (x^{3} - 3 + 1) (x + 2)$ at $x = 1$ .

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Step 1.1.1

Replace the variable $x$ with $1$ in the expression.

$f (1) = ({(1)}^{3} - 3 + 1) ((1) + 2)$

Step 1.1.2

Simplify the result.

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Step 1.1.2.1

One to any power is one.

$f (1) = (1 - 3 + 1) ((1) + 2)$

Step 1.1.2.2

Subtract $3$ from $1$ .

$f (1) = (- 2 + 1) ((1) + 2)$

Step 1.1.2.3

Add $- 2$ and $1$ .

$f (1) = - 1 ((1) + 2)$

Step 1.1.2.4

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$f (1) = - 1 \cdot 3$

Step 1.1.2.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $3$ .

$f (1) = - 3$

Step 1.1.2.6

The final answer is $- 3$ .

$- 3$

Step 1.2

Since $- 3 = - 3$ , the point is on the graph.

The point is on the graph

Step 2

The slope of the tangent line is the derivative of the expression.

$m$ $=$ The derivative of $f (x) = (x^{3} - 3 + 1) (x + 2)$

Step 3

Consider the limit definition of the derivative.

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f (x + h) - f (x)}{h}$

Step 4

Find the components of the definition.

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Step 4.1

Evaluate the function at $x = x + h$ .

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Step 4.1.1

Replace the variable $x$ with $x + h$ in the expression.

$f (x + h) = ({(x + h)}^{3} - 3 + 1) ((x + h) + 2)$

Step 4.1.2

Simplify the result.

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Step 4.1.2.1

Use the Binomial Theorem.

$f (x + h) = (x^{3} + 3 x^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} + h^{3} - 3 + 1) ((x + h) + 2)$

Step 4.1.2.2

Add $- 3$ and $1$ .

$f (x + h) = (x^{3} + 3 x^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} + h^{3} - 2) ((x + h) + 2)$

Step 4.1.2.3

Expand $(x^{3} + 3 x^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} + h^{3} - 2) (x + h + 2)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$f (x + h) = x^{3} x + x^{3} h + x^{3} \cdot 2 + 3 x^{2} h x + 3 x^{2} h \cdot h + 3 x^{2} h \cdot 2 + 3 x h^{2} x + 3 x h^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} \cdot 2 + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4

Simplify terms.

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Step 4.1.2.4.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.1.2.4.1.1

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.1.2.4.1.1.1

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x$ .

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Step 4.1.2.4.1.1.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 4.1.2.4.1.1.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f (x + h) = x^{3 + 1} + x^{3} h + x^{3} \cdot 2 + 3 x^{2} h x + 3 x^{2} h \cdot h + 3 x^{2} h \cdot 2 + 3 x h^{2} x + 3 x h^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} \cdot 2 + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.1.2

Add $3$ and $1$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + x^{3} \cdot 2 + 3 x^{2} h x + 3 x^{2} h \cdot h + 3 x^{2} h \cdot 2 + 3 x h^{2} x + 3 x h^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} \cdot 2 + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.2

Move $2$ to the left of $x^{3}$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 \cdot x^{3} + 3 x^{2} h x + 3 x^{2} h \cdot h + 3 x^{2} h \cdot 2 + 3 x h^{2} x + 3 x h^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} \cdot 2 + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.3

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.1.2.4.1.3.1

Move $x$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 (x \cdot x^{2}) h + 3 x^{2} h \cdot h + 3 x^{2} h \cdot 2 + 3 x h^{2} x + 3 x h^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} \cdot 2 + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 4.1.2.4.1.3.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 4.1.2.4.1.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{1 + 2} h + 3 x^{2} h \cdot h + 3 x^{2} h \cdot 2 + 3 x h^{2} x + 3 x h^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} \cdot 2 + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.3.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} h \cdot h + 3 x^{2} h \cdot 2 + 3 x h^{2} x + 3 x h^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} \cdot 2 + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.4

Multiply $h$ by $h$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.1.2.4.1.4.1

Move $h$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} (h \cdot h) + 3 x^{2} h \cdot 2 + 3 x h^{2} x + 3 x h^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} \cdot 2 + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.4.2

Multiply $h$ by $h$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 3 x^{2} h \cdot 2 + 3 x h^{2} x + 3 x h^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} \cdot 2 + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.5

Multiply $2$ by $3$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} x + 3 x h^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} \cdot 2 + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.6

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.1.2.4.1.6.1

Move $x$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 3 (x \cdot x) h^{2} + 3 x h^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} \cdot 2 + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.6.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 3 x h^{2} h + 3 x h^{2} \cdot 2 + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.7

Multiply $h^{2}$ by $h$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.1.2.4.1.7.1

Move $h$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 3 x (h \cdot h^{2}) + 3 x h^{2} \cdot 2 + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.7.2

Multiply $h$ by $h^{2}$ .

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Step 4.1.2.4.1.7.2.1

Raise $h$ to the power of $1$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 3 x (h \cdot h^{2}) + 3 x h^{2} \cdot 2 + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.7.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 3 x h^{1 + 2} + 3 x h^{2} \cdot 2 + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.7.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 3 x h^{3} + 3 x h^{2} \cdot 2 + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.8

Multiply $2$ by $3$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 3 x h^{3} + 6 x h^{2} + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.9

Multiply $h^{3}$ by $h$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.1.2.4.1.9.1

Multiply $h^{3}$ by $h$ .

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Step 4.1.2.4.1.9.1.1

Raise $h$ to the power of $1$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 3 x h^{3} + 6 x h^{2} + h^{3} x + h^{3} h + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.9.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 3 x h^{3} + 6 x h^{2} + h^{3} x + h^{3 + 1} + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.9.2

Add $3$ and $1$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 3 x h^{3} + 6 x h^{2} + h^{3} x + h^{4} + h^{3} \cdot 2 - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.10

Move $2$ to the left of $h^{3}$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 3 x h^{3} + 6 x h^{2} + h^{3} x + h^{4} + 2 \cdot h^{3} - 2 x - 2 h - 2 \cdot 2$

Step 4.1.2.4.1.11

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + x^{3} h + 2 x^{3} + 3 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 3 x h^{3} + 6 x h^{2} + h^{3} x + h^{4} + 2 h^{3} - 2 x - 2 h - 4$

Step 4.1.2.4.2

Simplify by adding terms.

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Step 4.1.2.4.2.1

Add $x^{3} h$ and $3 x^{3} h$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{3} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 3 x^{2} h^{2} + 3 x h^{3} + 6 x h^{2} + h^{3} x + h^{4} + 2 h^{3} - 2 x - 2 h - 4$

Step 4.1.2.4.2.2

Add $3 x^{2} h^{2}$ and $3 x^{2} h^{2}$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{3} h + 6 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 3 x h^{3} + 6 x h^{2} + h^{3} x + h^{4} + 2 h^{3} - 2 x - 2 h - 4$

Step 4.1.2.5

Add $3 x h^{3}$ and $h^{3} x$ .

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Step 4.1.2.5.1

Move $x$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{3} h + 6 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 3 h^{3} x + h^{3} x + 6 x h^{2} + h^{4} + 2 h^{3} - 2 x - 2 h - 4$

Step 4.1.2.5.2

Add $3 h^{3} x$ and $h^{3} x$ .

$f (x + h) = x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{3} h + 6 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 4 h^{3} x + 6 x h^{2} + h^{4} + 2 h^{3} - 2 x - 2 h - 4$

Step 4.1.2.6

The final answer is $x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{3} h + 6 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 4 h^{3} x + 6 x h^{2} + h^{4} + 2 h^{3} - 2 x - 2 h - 4$ .

$x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 x^{3} h + 6 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 4 h^{3} x + 6 x h^{2} + h^{4} + 2 h^{3} - 2 x - 2 h - 4$

Step 4.2

Reorder.

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Step 4.2.1

Move $x^{3}$ .

$x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 h x^{3} + 6 x^{2} h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 4 h^{3} x + 6 x h^{2} + h^{4} + 2 h^{3} - 2 x - 2 h - 4$

Step 4.2.2

Move $x^{2}$ .

$x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 h x^{3} + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 4 h^{3} x + 6 x h^{2} + h^{4} + 2 h^{3} - 2 x - 2 h - 4$

Step 4.2.3

Move $x^{2}$ .

$x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 h x^{3} + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 6 h x^{2} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 x h^{2} + h^{4} + 2 h^{3} - 2 x - 2 h - 4$

Step 4.2.4

Move $x$ .

$x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 h x^{3} + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 6 h x^{2} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x + h^{4} + 2 h^{3} - 2 x - 2 h - 4$

Step 4.2.5

Move $- 2 x$ .

$x^{4} + 2 x^{3} + 4 h x^{3} + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 6 h x^{2} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x + h^{4} + 2 h^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4$

Step 4.2.6

Move $2 x^{3}$ .

$x^{4} + 4 h x^{3} + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 6 h x^{2} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x + h^{4} + 2 h^{3} + 2 x^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4$

Step 4.2.7

Move $6 h x^{2}$ .

$x^{4} + 4 h x^{3} + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x + h^{4} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h x^{2} + 2 x^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4$

Step 4.2.8

Move $6 h^{2} x$ .

$x^{4} + 4 h x^{3} + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h^{3} x + h^{4} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 2 x^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4$

Step 4.2.9

Move $x^{4}$ .

$4 h x^{3} + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h^{3} x + h^{4} + x^{4} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 2 x^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4$

Step 4.2.10

Move $4 h x^{3}$ .

$6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h^{3} x + h^{4} + 4 h x^{3} + x^{4} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 2 x^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4$

Step 4.2.11

Move $6 h^{2} x^{2}$ .

$4 h^{3} x + h^{4} + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + x^{4} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 2 x^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4$

Step 4.2.12

Reorder $4 h^{3} x$ and $h^{4}$ .

$h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + x^{4} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 2 x^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4$

Step 4.3

Find the components of the definition.

$f (x + h) = h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + x^{4} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 2 x^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4$

$f (x) = x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 2 x - 4$

$f (x + h) = h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + x^{4} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 2 x^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4$

$f (x) = x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 2 x - 4$

Step 5

Plug in the components.

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + x^{4} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 2 x^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4 - (x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 2 x - 4)}{h}$

Step 6

Simplify.

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Step 6.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 6.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + x^{4} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 2 x^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4 - x^{4} - (2 x^{3}) - (- 2 x) + 4}{h}$

Step 6.1.2

Simplify.

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Step 6.1.2.1

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + x^{4} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 2 x^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4 - x^{4} - 2 x^{3} - (- 2 x) + 4}{h}$

Step 6.1.2.2

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 1$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + x^{4} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 2 x^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4 - x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 4}{h}$

Step 6.1.2.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 4$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + x^{4} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 2 x^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4 - x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 4}{h}$

Step 6.1.3

Subtract $x^{4}$ from $x^{4}$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 2 x^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4 + 0 - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 4}{h}$

Step 6.1.4

Add $h^{4}$ and $0$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 2 x^{3} - 2 h - 2 x - 4 - 2 x^{3} + 2 x + 4}{h}$

Step 6.1.5

Subtract $2 x^{3}$ from $2 x^{3}$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} - 2 h - 2 x - 4 + 0 + 2 x + 4}{h}$

Step 6.1.6

Add $h^{4}$ and $0$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} - 2 h - 2 x - 4 + 2 x + 4}{h}$

Step 6.1.7

Add $- 2 x$ and $2 x$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} - 2 h + 0 - 4 + 4}{h}$

Step 6.1.8

Add $h^{4}$ and $0$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} - 2 h - 4 + 4}{h}$

Step 6.1.9

Add $- 4$ and $4$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} - 2 h + 0}{h}$

Step 6.1.10

Add $h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} - 2 h$ and $0$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} - 2 h}{h}$

Step 6.1.11

Factor $h$ out of $h^{4} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} - 2 h$ .

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Step 6.1.11.1

Factor $h$ out of $h^{4}$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h \cdot h^{3} + 4 h^{3} x + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} - 2 h}{h}$

Step 6.1.11.2

Factor $h$ out of $4 h^{3} x$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h (h^{3}) + h (4 h^{2} x) + 6 h^{2} x^{2} + 4 h x^{3} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} - 2 h}{h}$

Step 6.1.11.3

Factor $h$ out of $6 h^{2} x^{2}$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h (h^{3}) + h (4 h^{2} x) + h (6 h x^{2}) + 4 h x^{3} + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} - 2 h}{h}$

Step 6.1.11.4

Factor $h$ out of $4 h x^{3}$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h (h^{3}) + h (4 h^{2} x) + h (6 h x^{2}) + h (4 x^{3}) + 2 h^{3} + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} - 2 h}{h}$

Step 6.1.11.5

Factor $h$ out of $2 h^{3}$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h (h^{3}) + h (4 h^{2} x) + h (6 h x^{2}) + h (4 x^{3}) + h (2 h^{2}) + 6 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} - 2 h}{h}$

Step 6.1.11.6

Factor $h$ out of $6 h^{2} x$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h (h^{3}) + h (4 h^{2} x) + h (6 h x^{2}) + h (4 x^{3}) + h (2 h^{2}) + h (6 h x) + 6 h x^{2} - 2 h}{h}$

Step 6.1.11.7

Factor $h$ out of $6 h x^{2}$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h (h^{3}) + h (4 h^{2} x) + h (6 h x^{2}) + h (4 x^{3}) + h (2 h^{2}) + h (6 h x) + h (6 x^{2}) - 2 h}{h}$

Step 6.1.11.8

Factor $h$ out of $- 2 h$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h (h^{3}) + h (4 h^{2} x) + h (6 h x^{2}) + h (4 x^{3}) + h (2 h^{2}) + h (6 h x) + h (6 x^{2}) + h \cdot - 2}{h}$

Step 6.1.11.9

Factor $h$ out of $h (h^{3}) + h (4 h^{2} x)$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h (h^{3} + 4 h^{2} x) + h (6 h x^{2}) + h (4 x^{3}) + h (2 h^{2}) + h (6 h x) + h (6 x^{2}) + h \cdot - 2}{h}$

Step 6.1.11.10

Factor $h$ out of $h (h^{3} + 4 h^{2} x) + h (6 h x^{2})$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h (h^{3} + 4 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2}) + h (4 x^{3}) + h (2 h^{2}) + h (6 h x) + h (6 x^{2}) + h \cdot - 2}{h}$

Step 6.1.11.11

Factor $h$ out of $h (h^{3} + 4 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2}) + h (4 x^{3})$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h (h^{3} + 4 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 4 x^{3}) + h (2 h^{2}) + h (6 h x) + h (6 x^{2}) + h \cdot - 2}{h}$

Step 6.1.11.12

Factor $h$ out of $h (h^{3} + 4 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 4 x^{3}) + h (2 h^{2})$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h (h^{3} + 4 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 4 x^{3} + 2 h^{2}) + h (6 h x) + h (6 x^{2}) + h \cdot - 2}{h}$

Step 6.1.11.13

Factor $h$ out of $h (h^{3} + 4 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 4 x^{3} + 2 h^{2}) + h (6 h x)$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h (h^{3} + 4 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 4 x^{3} + 2 h^{2} + 6 h x) + h (6 x^{2}) + h \cdot - 2}{h}$

Step 6.1.11.14

Factor $h$ out of $h (h^{3} + 4 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 4 x^{3} + 2 h^{2} + 6 h x) + h (6 x^{2})$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h (h^{3} + 4 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 4 x^{3} + 2 h^{2} + 6 h x + 6 x^{2}) + h \cdot - 2}{h}$

Step 6.1.11.15

Factor $h$ out of $h (h^{3} + 4 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 4 x^{3} + 2 h^{2} + 6 h x + 6 x^{2}) + h \cdot - 2$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h (h^{3} + 4 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 4 x^{3} + 2 h^{2} + 6 h x + 6 x^{2} - 2)}{h}$

Step 6.2

Reduce the expression by cancelling the common factors.

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Step 6.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $h$ .

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Step 6.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} \frac{h (h^{3} + 4 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 4 x^{3} + 2 h^{2} + 6 h x + 6 x^{2} - 2)}{h}$

Step 6.2.1.2

Divide $h^{3} + 4 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 4 x^{3} + 2 h^{2} + 6 h x + 6 x^{2} - 2$ by $1$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} h^{3} + 4 h^{2} x + 6 h x^{2} + 4 x^{3} + 2 h^{2} + 6 h x + 6 x^{2} - 2$

Step 6.2.2

Simplify the expression.

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Step 6.2.2.1

Move $h^{2}$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} h^{3} + 4 x h^{2} + 6 h x^{2} + 4 x^{3} + 2 h^{2} + 6 h x + 6 x^{2} - 2$

Step 6.2.2.2

Move $h$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} h^{3} + 4 x h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 4 x^{3} + 2 h^{2} + 6 h x + 6 x^{2} - 2$

Step 6.2.2.3

Move $h$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} h^{3} + 4 x h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 4 x^{3} + 2 h^{2} + 6 x h + 6 x^{2} - 2$

Step 6.2.2.4

Move $2 h^{2}$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} h^{3} + 4 x h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 4 x^{3} + 6 x h + 6 x^{2} + 2 h^{2} - 2$

Step 6.2.2.5

Move $6 x h$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} h^{3} + 4 x h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} + 6 x h + 2 h^{2} - 2$

Step 6.2.2.6

Move $h^{3}$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} 4 x h^{2} + 6 x^{2} h + 4 x^{3} + h^{3} + 6 x^{2} + 6 x h + 2 h^{2} - 2$

Step 6.2.2.7

Move $4 x h^{2}$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} 6 x^{2} h + 4 x^{3} + 4 x h^{2} + h^{3} + 6 x^{2} + 6 x h + 2 h^{2} - 2$

Step 6.2.2.8

Reorder $6 x^{2} h$ and $4 x^{3}$ .

$f' (x) = lim_{h \to 0} 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} h + 4 x h^{2} + h^{3} + 6 x^{2} + 6 x h + 2 h^{2} - 2$

Step 7

Split the limit using the Sum of Limits Rule on the limit as $h$ approaches $0$ .

$lim_{h \to 0} 4 x^{3} + lim_{h \to 0} 6 x^{2} h + lim_{h \to 0} 4 x h^{2} + lim_{h \to 0} h^{3} + lim_{h \to 0} 6 x^{2} + lim_{h \to 0} 6 x h + lim_{h \to 0} 2 h^{2} - lim_{h \to 0} 2$

Step 8

Evaluate the limit of $4 x^{3}$ which is constant as $h$ approaches $0$ .

$4 x^{3} + lim_{h \to 0} 6 x^{2} h + lim_{h \to 0} 4 x h^{2} + lim_{h \to 0} h^{3} + lim_{h \to 0} 6 x^{2} + lim_{h \to 0} 6 x h + lim_{h \to 0} 2 h^{2} - lim_{h \to 0} 2$

Step 9

Move the term $6 x^{2}$ outside of the limit because it is constant with respect to $h$ .

$4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} lim_{h \to 0} h + lim_{h \to 0} 4 x h^{2} + lim_{h \to 0} h^{3} + lim_{h \to 0} 6 x^{2} + lim_{h \to 0} 6 x h + lim_{h \to 0} 2 h^{2} - lim_{h \to 0} 2$

Step 10

Move the term $4 x$ outside of the limit because it is constant with respect to $h$ .

$4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} lim_{h \to 0} h + 4 x lim_{h \to 0} h^{2} + lim_{h \to 0} h^{3} + lim_{h \to 0} 6 x^{2} + lim_{h \to 0} 6 x h + lim_{h \to 0} 2 h^{2} - lim_{h \to 0} 2$

Step 11

Move the exponent $2$ from $h^{2}$ outside the limit using the Limits Power Rule.

$4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} lim_{h \to 0} h + 4 x {(lim_{h \to 0} h)}^{2} + lim_{h \to 0} h^{3} + lim_{h \to 0} 6 x^{2} + lim_{h \to 0} 6 x h + lim_{h \to 0} 2 h^{2} - lim_{h \to 0} 2$

Step 12

Move the exponent $3$ from $h^{3}$ outside the limit using the Limits Power Rule.

$4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} lim_{h \to 0} h + 4 x {(lim_{h \to 0} h)}^{2} + {(lim_{h \to 0} h)}^{3} + lim_{h \to 0} 6 x^{2} + lim_{h \to 0} 6 x h + lim_{h \to 0} 2 h^{2} - lim_{h \to 0} 2$

Step 13

Evaluate the limit of $6 x^{2}$ which is constant as $h$ approaches $0$ .

$4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} lim_{h \to 0} h + 4 x {(lim_{h \to 0} h)}^{2} + {(lim_{h \to 0} h)}^{3} + 6 x^{2} + lim_{h \to 0} 6 x h + lim_{h \to 0} 2 h^{2} - lim_{h \to 0} 2$

Step 14

Move the term $6 x$ outside of the limit because it is constant with respect to $h$ .

$4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} lim_{h \to 0} h + 4 x {(lim_{h \to 0} h)}^{2} + {(lim_{h \to 0} h)}^{3} + 6 x^{2} + 6 x lim_{h \to 0} h + lim_{h \to 0} 2 h^{2} - lim_{h \to 0} 2$

Step 15

Move the term $2$ outside of the limit because it is constant with respect to $h$ .

$4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} lim_{h \to 0} h + 4 x {(lim_{h \to 0} h)}^{2} + {(lim_{h \to 0} h)}^{3} + 6 x^{2} + 6 x lim_{h \to 0} h + 2 lim_{h \to 0} h^{2} - lim_{h \to 0} 2$

Step 16

Move the exponent $2$ from $h^{2}$ outside the limit using the Limits Power Rule.

$4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} lim_{h \to 0} h + 4 x {(lim_{h \to 0} h)}^{2} + {(lim_{h \to 0} h)}^{3} + 6 x^{2} + 6 x lim_{h \to 0} h + 2 {(lim_{h \to 0} h)}^{2} - lim_{h \to 0} 2$

Step 17

Evaluate the limit of $2$ which is constant as $h$ approaches $0$ .

$4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} lim_{h \to 0} h + 4 x {(lim_{h \to 0} h)}^{2} + {(lim_{h \to 0} h)}^{3} + 6 x^{2} + 6 x lim_{h \to 0} h + 2 {(lim_{h \to 0} h)}^{2} - 1 \cdot 2$

Step 18

Evaluate the limits by plugging in $0$ for all occurrences of $h$ .

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Step 18.1