Calculus Examples

${(x^{2} - 1)}^{3}$

Step 1

Find the first derivative.

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Step 1.1

Find the first derivative.

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Step 1.1.1

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{3}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} - 1$ .

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Step 1.1.1.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x^{2} - 1$ .

$\frac{d}{d u} [u^{3}] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1]$

Step 1.1.1.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = 3$ .

$3 u^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1]$

Step 1.1.1.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2} - 1$ .

$3 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 1]$

Step 1.1.2

Differentiate.

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Step 1.1.2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$ .

$3 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{2} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1])$

Step 1.1.2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$3 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{2} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1])$

Step 1.1.2.3

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$3 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{2} (2 x + 0)$

Step 1.1.2.4

Simplify the expression.

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Step 1.1.2.4.1

Add $2 x$ and $0$ .

$3 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{2} (2 x)$

Step 1.1.2.4.2

Multiply $2$ by $3$ .

$6 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{2} x$

Step 1.1.2.4.3

Reorder the factors of $6 {(x^{2} - 1)}^{2} x$ .

$f' (x) = 6 x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{2}$

Step 1.2

The first derivative of $f (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $6 x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{2}$ .

$6 x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{2}$

Step 2

Set the first derivative equal to $0$ then solve the equation $6 x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{2} = 0$ .

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Step 2.1

Set the first derivative equal to $0$ .

$6 x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{2} = 0$

Step 2.2

If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to $0$ , the entire expression will be equal to $0$ .

$x = 0$

${(x^{2} - 1)}^{2} = 0$

Step 2.3

Set $x$ equal to $0$ .

$x = 0$

Step 2.4

Set ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{2}$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

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Step 2.4.1

Set ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{2}$ equal to $0$ .

${(x^{2} - 1)}^{2} = 0$

Step 2.4.2

Solve ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{2} = 0$ for $x$ .

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Step 2.4.2.1

Factor the left side of the equation.

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Step 2.4.2.1.1

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

${(x^{2} - 1^{2})}^{2} = 0$

Step 2.4.2.1.2

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

${((x + 1) (x - 1))}^{2} = 0$

Step 2.4.2.1.3

Apply the product rule to $(x + 1) (x - 1)$ .

${(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2} = 0$

Step 2.4.2.2

If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to $0$ , the entire expression will be equal to $0$ .

${(x + 1)}^{2} = 0$

${(x - 1)}^{2} = 0$

Step 2.4.2.3

Set ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

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Step 2.4.2.3.1

Set ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ equal to $0$ .

${(x + 1)}^{2} = 0$

Step 2.4.2.3.2

Solve ${(x + 1)}^{2} = 0$ for $x$ .

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Step 2.4.2.3.2.1

Set the $x + 1$ equal to $0$ .

$x + 1 = 0$

Step 2.4.2.3.2.2

Subtract $1$ from both sides of the equation.

$x = - 1$

Step 2.4.2.4

Set ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$ .

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Step 2.4.2.4.1

Set ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ equal to $0$ .

${(x - 1)}^{2} = 0$

Step 2.4.2.4.2

Solve ${(x - 1)}^{2} = 0$ for $x$ .

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Step 2.4.2.4.2.1

Set the $x - 1$ equal to $0$ .

$x - 1 = 0$

Step 2.4.2.4.2.2

Add $1$ to both sides of the equation.

$x = 1$

Step 2.4.2.5

The final solution is all the values that make ${(x + 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{2} = 0$ true.

$x = - 1, 1$

Step 2.5

The final solution is all the values that make $6 x {(x^{2} - 1)}^{2} = 0$ true.

$x = 0, - 1, 1$

Step 3

Find the values where the derivative is undefined.

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Step 3.1

The domain of the expression is all real numbers except where the expression is undefined. In this case, there is no real number that makes the expression undefined.

Step 4

Evaluate ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{3}$ at each $x$ value where the derivative is $0$ or undefined.

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Step 4.1

Evaluate at $x = 0$ .

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Step 4.1.1

Substitute $0$ for $x$ .

${({(0)}^{2} - 1)}^{3}$

Step 4.1.2

Simplify.

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Step 4.1.2.1

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

${(0 - 1)}^{3}$

Step 4.1.2.2

Subtract $1$ from $0$ .

${(- 1)}^{3}$

Step 4.1.2.3

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $3$ .

$- 1$

Step 4.2

Evaluate at $x = - 1$ .

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Step 4.2.1

Substitute $- 1$ for $x$ .

${({(- 1)}^{2} - 1)}^{3}$

Step 4.2.2

Simplify.

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Step 4.2.2.1

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $2$ .

${(1 - 1)}^{3}$

Step 4.2.2.2

Subtract $1$ from $1$ .

$0^{3}$

Step 4.2.2.3

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$0$

Step 4.3

Evaluate at $x = 1$ .

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Step 4.3.1

Substitute $1$ for $x$ .

${({(1)}^{2} - 1)}^{3}$

Step 4.3.2

Simplify.

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Step 4.3.2.1

One to any power is one.

${(1 - 1)}^{3}$

Step 4.3.2.2

Subtract $1$ from $1$ .

$0^{3}$

Step 4.3.2.3

Raising $0$ to any positive power yields $0$ .

$0$

Step 4.4

List all of the points.

$(0, - 1), (- 1, 0), (1, 0)$

Step 5