Calculus Examples

$\int_{0}^{\frac{π}{2}} {\sin (x)}^{n} \cos (x) d x$

Step 1

Let $u = \sin (x)$ . Then $d u = \cos (x) d x$ , so $\frac{1}{\cos (x)} d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 1.1

Let $u = \sin (x)$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 1.1.1

Differentiate $\sin (x)$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\sin (x)]$

Step 1.1.2

The derivative of $\sin (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\cos (x)$ .

$\cos (x)$

Step 1.2

Substitute the lower limit in for $x$ in $u = \sin (x)$ .

$u_{lower} = \sin (0)$

Step 1.3

The exact value of $\sin (0)$ is $0$ .

$u_{lower} = 0$

Step 1.4

Substitute the upper limit in for $x$ in $u = \sin (x)$ .

$u_{upper} = \sin (\frac{π}{2})$

Step 1.5

The exact value of $\sin (\frac{π}{2})$ is $1$ .

$u_{upper} = 1$

Step 1.6

The values found for $u_{lower}$ and $u_{upper}$ will be used to evaluate the definite integral.

$u_{lower} = 0$

$u_{upper} = 1$

Step 1.7

Rewrite the problem using $u$ , $d u$ , and the new limits of integration.

$\int_{0}^{1} u^{n} d u$

Step 2

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{n}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{1}{n + 1} u^{n + 1}$ .

$\frac{1}{n + 1} u^{n + 1}]_{0}^{1}$

Step 3

Combine $\frac{1}{n + 1}$ and $u^{n + 1}$ .

$\frac{u^{n + 1}}{n + 1}]_{0}^{1}$

Step 4

Substitute and simplify.

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Step 4.1

Evaluate $\frac{u^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$ at $1$ and at $0$ .

$(\frac{1^{n + 1}}{n + 1}) - \frac{0^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$

Step 4.2

Simplify.

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Step 4.2.1

One to any power is one.

$\frac{1}{n + 1} - \frac{0^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$

Step 4.2.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1 - 0^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$