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Calculus Examples
Step 1
Step 1.1
Find the first derivative.
Step 1.1.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.1.2
Evaluate .
Step 1.1.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.1.2.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.1.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 1.1.3
Evaluate .
Step 1.1.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.1.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.1.3.3
Multiply by .
Step 1.1.4
Evaluate .
Step 1.1.4.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.1.4.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.1.4.3
Multiply by .
Step 1.1.5
Evaluate .
Step 1.1.5.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.1.5.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.1.5.3
Multiply by .
Step 1.1.6
Differentiate using the Constant Rule.
Step 1.1.6.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.1.6.2
Add and .
Step 1.2
The first derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2
Step 2.1
Set the first derivative equal to .
Step 2.2
Factor the left side of the equation.
Step 2.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.2.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.2.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.2.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 2.2.1.4
Factor out of .
Step 2.2.1.5
Factor out of .
Step 2.2.1.6
Factor out of .
Step 2.2.1.7
Factor out of .
Step 2.2.2
Factor using the rational roots test.
Step 2.2.2.1
If a polynomial function has integer coefficients, then every rational zero will have the form where is a factor of the constant and is a factor of the leading coefficient.
Step 2.2.2.2
Find every combination of . These are the possible roots of the polynomial function.
Step 2.2.2.3
Substitute and simplify the expression. In this case, the expression is equal to so is a root of the polynomial.
Step 2.2.2.3.1
Substitute into the polynomial.
Step 2.2.2.3.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 2.2.2.3.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.2.2.3.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 2.2.2.3.5
Multiply by .
Step 2.2.2.3.6
Subtract from .
Step 2.2.2.3.7
Multiply by .
Step 2.2.2.3.8
Subtract from .
Step 2.2.2.3.9
Add and .
Step 2.2.2.4
Since is a known root, divide the polynomial by to find the quotient polynomial. This polynomial can then be used to find the remaining roots.
Step 2.2.2.5
Divide by .
Step 2.2.2.5.1
Set up the polynomials to be divided. If there is not a term for every exponent, insert one with a value of .
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Step 2.2.2.5.2
Divide the highest order term in the dividend by the highest order term in divisor .
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Step 2.2.2.5.3
Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.
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+ | - |
Step 2.2.2.5.4
The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in
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Step 2.2.2.5.5
After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.
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Step 2.2.2.5.6
Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.
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Step 2.2.2.5.7
Divide the highest order term in the dividend by the highest order term in divisor .
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Step 2.2.2.5.8
Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.
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Step 2.2.2.5.9
The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in
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+ | - |
Step 2.2.2.5.10
After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.
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Step 2.2.2.5.11
Pull the next terms from the original dividend down into the current dividend.
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- | + |
Step 2.2.2.5.12
Divide the highest order term in the dividend by the highest order term in divisor .
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Step 2.2.2.5.13
Multiply the new quotient term by the divisor.
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Step 2.2.2.5.14
The expression needs to be subtracted from the dividend, so change all the signs in
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+ | - |
Step 2.2.2.5.15
After changing the signs, add the last dividend from the multiplied polynomial to find the new dividend.
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Step 2.2.2.5.16
Since the remander is , the final answer is the quotient.
Step 2.2.2.6
Write as a set of factors.
Step 2.2.3
Factor.
Step 2.2.3.1
Factor by grouping.
Step 2.2.3.1.1
Factor by grouping.
Step 2.2.3.1.1.1
For a polynomial of the form , rewrite the middle term as a sum of two terms whose product is and whose sum is .
Step 2.2.3.1.1.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.2.3.1.1.1.2
Rewrite as plus
Step 2.2.3.1.1.1.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.2.3.1.1.2
Factor out the greatest common factor from each group.
Step 2.2.3.1.1.2.1
Group the first two terms and the last two terms.
Step 2.2.3.1.1.2.2
Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) from each group.
Step 2.2.3.1.1.3
Factor the polynomial by factoring out the greatest common factor, .
Step 2.2.3.1.2
Remove unnecessary parentheses.
Step 2.2.3.2
Remove unnecessary parentheses.
Step 2.3
If any individual factor on the left side of the equation is equal to , the entire expression will be equal to .
Step 2.4
Set equal to and solve for .
Step 2.4.1
Set equal to .
Step 2.4.2
Solve for .
Step 2.4.2.1
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 2.4.2.2
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 2.4.2.2.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 2.4.2.2.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 2.4.2.2.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 2.4.2.2.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.4.2.2.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 2.5
Set equal to and solve for .
Step 2.5.1
Set equal to .
Step 2.5.2
Solve for .
Step 2.5.2.1
Subtract from both sides of the equation.
Step 2.5.2.2
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 2.5.2.2.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 2.5.2.2.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 2.5.2.2.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 2.5.2.2.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.5.2.2.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 2.5.2.2.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 2.5.2.2.3.1
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 2.6
Set equal to and solve for .
Step 2.6.1
Set equal to .
Step 2.6.2
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 2.7
The final solution is all the values that make true.
Step 3
Step 3.1
The domain of the expression is all real numbers except where the expression is undefined. In this case, there is no real number that makes the expression undefined.
Step 4
Step 4.1
Evaluate at .
Step 4.1.1
Substitute for .
Step 4.1.2
Simplify.
Step 4.1.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 4.1.2.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.1.2.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 4.1.2.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.2.1.4.2
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.2.1.4.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 4.1.2.1.4.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 4.1.2.1.5
Combine and .
Step 4.1.2.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.1.7
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.1.2.1.8
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.9
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.10
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 4.1.2.1.10.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.2.1.10.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 4.1.2.1.10.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 4.1.2.1.11
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.1.12
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.1.2.1.13
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.14
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.2.1.15
Multiply .
Step 4.1.2.1.15.1
Combine and .
Step 4.1.2.1.15.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.1.16
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 4.1.2.1.17
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 4.1.2.1.17.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.2.1.17.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 4.1.2.1.17.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 4.1.2.1.18
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2
Find the common denominator.
Step 4.1.2.2.1
Write as a fraction with denominator .
Step 4.1.2.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.4
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.5
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.6
Write as a fraction with denominator .
Step 4.1.2.2.7
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.8
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.9
Write as a fraction with denominator .
Step 4.1.2.2.10
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.11
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.2.12
Reorder the factors of .
Step 4.1.2.2.13
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 4.1.2.4
Simplify each term.
Step 4.1.2.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.4.3
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.4.4
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.5
Simplify by adding and subtracting.
Step 4.1.2.5.1
Subtract from .
Step 4.1.2.5.2
Subtract from .
Step 4.1.2.5.3
Add and .
Step 4.1.2.5.4
Add and .
Step 4.2
Evaluate at .
Step 4.2.1
Substitute for .
Step 4.2.2
Simplify.
Step 4.2.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 4.2.2.1.1
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 4.2.2.1.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.2.2.1.1.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.2.2.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.2.2.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.1.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.2.2.1.5
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.2.2.1.6
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 4.2.2.1.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.2.2.1.6.2
Factor out of .
Step 4.2.2.1.6.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 4.2.2.1.6.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 4.2.2.1.7
Combine and .
Step 4.2.2.1.8
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.1.9
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 4.2.2.1.9.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.2.2.1.9.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.2.2.1.10
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.2.2.1.11
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.2.2.1.12
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.2.2.1.13
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 4.2.2.1.13.1
Move the leading negative in into the numerator.
Step 4.2.2.1.13.2
Factor out of .
Step 4.2.2.1.13.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 4.2.2.1.13.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 4.2.2.1.14
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.1.15
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 4.2.2.1.15.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.2.2.1.15.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.2.2.1.16
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.2.2.1.17
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.1.18
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.2.2.1.19
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.2.2.1.20
Multiply .
Step 4.2.2.1.20.1
Combine and .
Step 4.2.2.1.20.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.1.21
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 4.2.2.1.22
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 4.2.2.1.22.1
Move the leading negative in into the numerator.
Step 4.2.2.1.22.2
Factor out of .
Step 4.2.2.1.22.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 4.2.2.1.22.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 4.2.2.1.23
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.2
Find the common denominator.
Step 4.2.2.2.1
Write as a fraction with denominator .
Step 4.2.2.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.2.4
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.2.5
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.2.6
Write as a fraction with denominator .
Step 4.2.2.2.7
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.2.8
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.2.9
Write as a fraction with denominator .
Step 4.2.2.2.10
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.2.11
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.2.12
Reorder the factors of .
Step 4.2.2.2.13
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.3
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 4.2.2.4
Simplify each term.
Step 4.2.2.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.4.3
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.4.4
Multiply by .
Step 4.2.2.5
Simplify the expression.
Step 4.2.2.5.1
Add and .
Step 4.2.2.5.2
Subtract from .
Step 4.2.2.5.3
Subtract from .
Step 4.2.2.5.4
Add and .
Step 4.2.2.5.5
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 4.3
Evaluate at .
Step 4.3.1
Substitute for .
Step 4.3.2
Simplify.
Step 4.3.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 4.3.2.1.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.3.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.3.2.1.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.3.2.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 4.3.2.1.5
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.3.2.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 4.3.2.1.7
Multiply by .
Step 4.3.2.2
Simplify by adding and subtracting.
Step 4.3.2.2.1
Subtract from .
Step 4.3.2.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 4.3.2.2.3
Add and .
Step 4.3.2.2.4
Add and .
Step 4.4
List all of the points.
Step 5