Calculus Examples

$f (x) = e^{3 x} \ln (2 x^{2} - 2)$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = e^{3 x}$ and $g (x) = \ln (2 x^{2} - 2)$ .

$e^{3 x} \frac{d}{d x} [\ln (2 x^{2} - 2)] + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \ln (x)$ and $g (x) = 2 x^{2} - 2$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $2 x^{2} - 2$ .

$e^{3 x} (\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\ln (u_{1})] \frac{d}{d x} [2 x^{2} - 2]) + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 2.2

The derivative of $\ln (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\frac{1}{u_{1}}$ .

$e^{3 x} (\frac{1}{u_{1}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x^{2} - 2]) + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $2 x^{2} - 2$ .

$e^{3 x} (\frac{1}{2 x^{2} - 2} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x^{2} - 2]) + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 3

Differentiate.

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Step 3.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2 x^{2} - 2}$ and $e^{3 x}$ .

$\frac{e^{3 x}}{2 x^{2} - 2} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x^{2} - 2] + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 3.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $2 x^{2} - 2$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [2 x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]$ .

$\frac{e^{3 x}}{2 x^{2} - 2} (\frac{d}{d x} [2 x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]) + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 3.3

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{e^{3 x}}{2 x^{2} - 2} (2 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]) + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 3.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{e^{3 x}}{2 x^{2} - 2} (2 (2 x) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]) + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 3.5

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{e^{3 x}}{2 x^{2} - 2} (4 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]) + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 3.6

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{e^{3 x}}{2 x^{2} - 2} (4 x + 0) + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 3.7

Simplify terms.

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Step 3.7.1

Add $4 x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{e^{3 x}}{2 x^{2} - 2} (4 x) + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 3.7.2

Combine $4$ and $\frac{e^{3 x}}{2 x^{2} - 2}$ .

$\frac{4 e^{3 x}}{2 x^{2} - 2} x + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 3.7.3

Combine $\frac{4 e^{3 x}}{2 x^{2} - 2}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{4 e^{3 x} x}{2 x^{2} - 2} + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 3.7.4

Cancel the common factor of $4$ and $2 x^{2} - 2$ .

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Step 3.7.4.1

Factor $2$ out of $4 e^{3 x} x$ .

$\frac{2 (2 e^{3 x} x)}{2 x^{2} - 2} + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 3.7.4.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 3.7.4.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (2 e^{3 x} x)}{2 (x^{2}) - 2} + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 3.7.4.2.2

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$\frac{2 (2 e^{3 x} x)}{2 (x^{2}) + 2 (- 1)} + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 3.7.4.2.3

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x^{2}) + 2 (- 1)$ .

$\frac{2 (2 e^{3 x} x)}{2 (x^{2} - 1)} + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 3.7.4.2.4

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 (2 e^{3 x} x)}{2 (x^{2} - 1)} + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 3.7.4.2.5

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2 e^{3 x} x}{x^{2} - 1} + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{3 x}]$

Step 4

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = e^{x}$ and $g (x) = 3 x$ .

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Step 4.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $3 x$ .

$\frac{2 e^{3 x} x}{x^{2} - 1} + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [e^{u_{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [3 x])$

Step 4.2

Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [a^{u_{2}}]$ is $a^{u_{2}} \ln (a)$ where $a$ = $e$ .

$\frac{2 e^{3 x} x}{x^{2} - 1} + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) (e^{u_{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x])$

Step 4.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $3 x$ .

$\frac{2 e^{3 x} x}{x^{2} - 1} + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) (e^{3 x} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x])$

Step 5

Differentiate.

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Step 5.1

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $3 x$ with respect to $x$ is $3 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{2 e^{3 x} x}{x^{2} - 1} + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) (e^{3 x} (3 \frac{d}{d x} [x]))$

Step 5.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{2 e^{3 x} x}{x^{2} - 1} + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) (e^{3 x} (3 \cdot 1))$

Step 5.3

Simplify the expression.

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Step 5.3.1

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 e^{3 x} x}{x^{2} - 1} + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) (e^{3 x} \cdot 3)$

Step 5.3.2

Move $3$ to the left of $e^{3 x}$ .

$\frac{2 e^{3 x} x}{x^{2} - 1} + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) (3 \cdot e^{3 x})$

Step 6

To write $\ln (2 x^{2} - 2) (3 e^{3 x})$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{x^{2} - 1}{x^{2} - 1}$ .

$\frac{2 e^{3 x} x}{x^{2} - 1} + \frac{\ln (2 x^{2} - 2) (3 e^{3 x}) (x^{2} - 1)}{x^{2} - 1}$

Step 7

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{2 e^{3 x} x + \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) (3 e^{3 x}) (x^{2} - 1)}{x^{2} - 1}$

Step 8

Simplify.

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Step 8.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 8.1.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 8.1.1.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{2 e^{3 x} x + 3 \ln (2 x^{2} - 2) e^{3 x} (x^{2} - 1)}{x^{2} - 1}$

Step 8.1.1.2

Simplify $3 \ln (2 x^{2} - 2)$ by moving $3$ inside the logarithm.

$\frac{2 e^{3 x} x + \ln ({(2 x^{2} - 2)}^{3}) e^{3 x} (x^{2} - 1)}{x^{2} - 1}$

Step 8.1.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 e^{3 x} x + \ln ({(2 x^{2} - 2)}^{3}) e^{3 x} x^{2} + \ln ({(2 x^{2} - 2)}^{3}) e^{3 x} \cdot - 1}{x^{2} - 1}$

Step 8.1.1.4

Move $- 1$ to the left of $\ln ({(2 x^{2} - 2)}^{3}) e^{3 x}$ .

$\frac{2 e^{3 x} x + \ln ({(2 x^{2} - 2)}^{3}) e^{3 x} x^{2} - 1 \cdot (\ln ({(2 x^{2} - 2)}^{3}) e^{3 x})}{x^{2} - 1}$

Step 8.1.1.5

Rewrite $- 1 (\ln ({(2 x^{2} - 2)}^{3}) e^{3 x})$ as $- (\ln ({(2 x^{2} - 2)}^{3}) e^{3 x})$ .

$\frac{2 e^{3 x} x + \ln ({(2 x^{2} - 2)}^{3}) e^{3 x} x^{2} - \ln ({(2 x^{2} - 2)}^{3}) e^{3 x}}{x^{2} - 1}$

Step 8.1.2

Reorder factors in $2 e^{3 x} x + \ln ({(2 x^{2} - 2)}^{3}) e^{3 x} x^{2} - \ln ({(2 x^{2} - 2)}^{3}) e^{3 x}$ .

$\frac{2 x e^{3 x} + x^{2} e^{3 x} \ln ({(2 x^{2} - 2)}^{3}) - e^{3 x} \ln ({(2 x^{2} - 2)}^{3})}{x^{2} - 1}$

Step 8.2

Reorder terms.

$\frac{2 e^{3 x} x + e^{3 x} x^{2} \ln ({(2 x^{2} - 2)}^{3}) - e^{3 x} \ln ({(2 x^{2} - 2)}^{3})}{x^{2} - 1}$