Calculus Examples

$f (x) = 1 + \frac{7}{x} - \frac{8}{x^{2}}$

Step 1

Find the first derivative of the function.

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Step 1.1

Differentiate.

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Step 1.1.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 + \frac{7}{x} - \frac{8}{x^{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{7}{x}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{8}{x^{2}}]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{7}{x}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{8}{x^{2}}]$

Step 1.1.2

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$0 + \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{7}{x}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{8}{x^{2}}]$

Step 1.2

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{7}{x}]$ .

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Step 1.2.1

Since $7$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $\frac{7}{x}$ with respect to $x$ is $7 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{x}]$ .

$0 + 7 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{x}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{8}{x^{2}}]$

Step 1.2.2

Rewrite $\frac{1}{x}$ as $x^{- 1}$ .

$0 + 7 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{- 1}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{8}{x^{2}}]$

Step 1.2.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = - 1$ .

$0 + 7 (- x^{- 2}) + \frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{8}{x^{2}}]$

Step 1.2.4

Multiply $- 1$ by $7$ .

$0 - 7 x^{- 2} + \frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{8}{x^{2}}]$

Step 1.3

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{8}{x^{2}}]$ .

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Step 1.3.1

Since $- 8$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- \frac{8}{x^{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $- 8 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{x^{2}}]$ .

$0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{x^{2}}]$

Step 1.3.2

Rewrite $\frac{1}{x^{2}}$ as ${(x^{2})}^{- 1}$ .

$0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2})}^{- 1}]$

Step 1.3.3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{- 1}$ and $g (x) = x^{2}$ .

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Step 1.3.3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x^{2}$ .

$0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (\frac{d}{d u} [u^{- 1}] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 1.3.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = - 1$ .

$0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- u^{- 2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 1.3.3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2}$ .

$0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- {(x^{2})}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 1.3.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- {(x^{2})}^{- 2} (2 x))$

Step 1.3.5

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{- 2}$ .

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Step 1.3.5.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- x^{2 \cdot - 2} (2 x))$

Step 1.3.5.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- x^{- 4} (2 x))$

Step 1.3.6

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- 2 x^{- 4} x)$

Step 1.3.7

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- 2 (x^{1} x^{- 4}))$

Step 1.3.8

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- 2 x^{1 - 4})$

Step 1.3.9

Subtract $4$ from $1$ .

$0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- 2 x^{- 3})$

Step 1.3.10

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 8$ .

$0 - 7 x^{- 2} + 16 x^{- 3}$

Step 1.4

Simplify.

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Step 1.4.1

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$0 - 7 \frac{1}{x^{2}} + 16 x^{- 3}$

Step 1.4.2

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$0 - 7 \frac{1}{x^{2}} + 16 \frac{1}{x^{3}}$

Step 1.4.3

Combine terms.

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Step 1.4.3.1

Combine $- 7$ and $\frac{1}{x^{2}}$ .

$0 + \frac{- 7}{x^{2}} + 16 \frac{1}{x^{3}}$

Step 1.4.3.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$0 - \frac{7}{x^{2}} + 16 \frac{1}{x^{3}}$

Step 1.4.3.3

Subtract $\frac{7}{x^{2}}$ from $0$ .

$- \frac{7}{x^{2}} + 16 \frac{1}{x^{3}}$

Step 1.4.3.4

Combine $16$ and $\frac{1}{x^{3}}$ .

$- \frac{7}{x^{2}} + \frac{16}{x^{3}}$

Step 2

Find the second derivative of the function.

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Step 2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $- \frac{7}{x^{2}} + \frac{16}{x^{3}}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{7}{x^{2}}] + \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{16}{x^{3}}]$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{d}{d x} (- \frac{7}{x^{2}}) + \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{16}{x^{3}})$

Step 2.2

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{7}{x^{2}}]$ .

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Step 2.2.1

Since $- 7$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- \frac{7}{x^{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $- 7 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{x^{2}}]$ .

$f'' (x) = - 7 \frac{d}{d x} \frac{1}{x^{2}} + \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{16}{x^{3}})$

Step 2.2.2

Rewrite $\frac{1}{x^{2}}$ as ${(x^{2})}^{- 1}$ .

$f'' (x) = - 7 \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2})}^{- 1} + \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{16}{x^{3}})$

Step 2.2.3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{- 1}$ and $g (x) = x^{2}$ .

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Step 2.2.3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $x^{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = - 7 (\frac{d}{d u (1)} ({u_{1}}^{- 1}) \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2})) + \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{16}{x^{3}})$

Step 2.2.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = - 1$ .

$f'' (x) = - 7 (- {u_{1}}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d x} x^{2}) + \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{16}{x^{3}})$

Step 2.2.3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $x^{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = - 7 (- {(x^{2})}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d x} x^{2}) + \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{16}{x^{3}})$

Step 2.2.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$f'' (x) = - 7 (- {(x^{2})}^{- 2} (2 x)) + \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{16}{x^{3}})$

Step 2.2.5

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{- 2}$ .

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Step 2.2.5.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$f'' (x) = - 7 (- x^{2 \cdot - 2} (2 x)) + \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{16}{x^{3}})$

Step 2.2.5.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$f'' (x) = - 7 (- x^{- 4} (2 x)) + \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{16}{x^{3}})$

Step 2.2.6

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$f'' (x) = - 7 (- 2 x^{- 4} x) + \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{16}{x^{3}})$

Step 2.2.7

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$f'' (x) = - 7 (- 2 (x \cdot x^{- 4})) + \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{16}{x^{3}})$

Step 2.2.8

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f'' (x) = - 7 (- 2 x^{1 - 4}) + \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{16}{x^{3}})$

Step 2.2.9

Subtract $4$ from $1$ .

$f'' (x) = - 7 (- 2 x^{- 3}) + \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{16}{x^{3}})$

Step 2.2.10

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 7$ .

$f'' (x) = 14 x^{- 3} + \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{16}{x^{3}})$

Step 2.3

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{16}{x^{3}}]$ .

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Step 2.3.1

Since $16$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $\frac{16}{x^{3}}$ with respect to $x$ is $16 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{x^{3}}]$ .

$f'' (x) = 14 x^{- 3} + 16 \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{1}{x^{3}})$

Step 2.3.2

Rewrite $\frac{1}{x^{3}}$ as ${(x^{3})}^{- 1}$ .

$f'' (x) = 14 x^{- 3} + 16 \frac{d}{d x} ({(x^{3})}^{- 1})$

Step 2.3.3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{- 1}$ and $g (x) = x^{3}$ .

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Step 2.3.3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $x^{3}$ .

$f'' (x) = 14 x^{- 3} + 16 (\frac{d}{d u (2)} ({u_{2}}^{- 1}) \frac{d}{d x} (x^{3}))$

Step 2.3.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = - 1$ .

$f'' (x) = 14 x^{- 3} + 16 (- {u_{2}}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d x} x^{3})$

Step 2.3.3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $x^{3}$ .

$f'' (x) = 14 x^{- 3} + 16 (- {(x^{3})}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d x} x^{3})$

Step 2.3.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 3$ .

$f'' (x) = 14 x^{- 3} + 16 (- {(x^{3})}^{- 2} (3 x^{2}))$

Step 2.3.5

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{3})}^{- 2}$ .

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Step 2.3.5.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$f'' (x) = 14 x^{- 3} + 16 (- x^{3 \cdot - 2} (3 x^{2}))$

Step 2.3.5.2

Multiply $3$ by $- 2$ .

$f'' (x) = 14 x^{- 3} + 16 (- x^{- 6} (3 x^{2}))$

Step 2.3.6

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$f'' (x) = 14 x^{- 3} + 16 (- 3 x^{- 6} x^{2})$

Step 2.3.7

Multiply $x^{- 6}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.3.7.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = 14 x^{- 3} + 16 (- 3 (x^{2} x^{- 6}))$

Step 2.3.7.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f'' (x) = 14 x^{- 3} + 16 (- 3 x^{2 - 6})$

Step 2.3.7.3

Subtract $6$ from $2$ .

$f'' (x) = 14 x^{- 3} + 16 (- 3 x^{- 4})$

Step 2.3.8

Multiply $- 3$ by $16$ .

$f'' (x) = 14 x^{- 3} - 48 x^{- 4}$

Step 2.4

Simplify.

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Step 2.4.1

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$f'' (x) = 14 (\frac{1}{x^{3}}) - 48 x^{- 4}$

Step 2.4.2

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$f'' (x) = 14 (\frac{1}{x^{3}}) - 48 \frac{1}{x^{4}}$

Step 2.4.3

Combine terms.

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Step 2.4.3.1

Combine $14$ and $\frac{1}{x^{3}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{14}{x^{3}} - 48 \frac{1}{x^{4}}$

Step 2.4.3.2

Combine $- 48$ and $\frac{1}{x^{4}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{14}{x^{3}} + \frac{- 48}{x^{4}}$

Step 2.4.3.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$f'' (x) = \frac{14}{x^{3}} - \frac{48}{x^{4}}$

Step 3

To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to $0$ and solve.

$- \frac{7}{x^{2}} + \frac{16}{x^{3}} = 0$

Step 4

Find the first derivative.

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Step 4.1

Find the first derivative.

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Step 4.1.1

Differentiate.

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Step 4.1.1.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 + \frac{7}{x} - \frac{8}{x^{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{7}{x}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{8}{x^{2}}]$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{d}{d x} (1) + \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{7}{x}) + \frac{d}{d x} (- \frac{8}{x^{2}})$

Step 4.1.1.2

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$f' (x) = 0 + \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{7}{x}) + \frac{d}{d x} (- \frac{8}{x^{2}})$

Step 4.1.2

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{7}{x}]$ .

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Step 4.1.2.1

Since $7$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $\frac{7}{x}$ with respect to $x$ is $7 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{x}]$ .

$f' (x) = 0 + 7 \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{1}{x}) + \frac{d}{d x} (- \frac{8}{x^{2}})$

Step 4.1.2.2

Rewrite $\frac{1}{x}$ as $x^{- 1}$ .

$f' (x) = 0 + 7 \frac{d}{d x} (x^{- 1}) + \frac{d}{d x} (- \frac{8}{x^{2}})$

Step 4.1.2.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = - 1$ .

$f' (x) = 0 + 7 (- x^{- 2}) + \frac{d}{d x} (- \frac{8}{x^{2}})$

Step 4.1.2.4

Multiply $- 1$ by $7$ .

$f' (x) = 0 - 7 x^{- 2} + \frac{d}{d x} (- \frac{8}{x^{2}})$

Step 4.1.3

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{8}{x^{2}}]$ .

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Step 4.1.3.1

Since $- 8$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- \frac{8}{x^{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $- 8 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{x^{2}}]$ .

$f' (x) = 0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 \frac{d}{d x} \frac{1}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.1.3.2

Rewrite $\frac{1}{x^{2}}$ as ${(x^{2})}^{- 1}$ .

$f' (x) = 0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2})}^{- 1}$

Step 4.1.3.3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{- 1}$ and $g (x) = x^{2}$ .

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Step 4.1.3.3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x^{2}$ .

$f' (x) = 0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (\frac{d}{d u} (u^{- 1}) \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2}))$

Step 4.1.3.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = - 1$ .

$f' (x) = 0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- u^{- 2} \frac{d}{d x} x^{2})$

Step 4.1.3.3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2}$ .

$f' (x) = 0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- {(x^{2})}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d x} x^{2})$

Step 4.1.3.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$f' (x) = 0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- {(x^{2})}^{- 2} (2 x))$

Step 4.1.3.5

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{- 2}$ .

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Step 4.1.3.5.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$f' (x) = 0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- x^{2 \cdot - 2} (2 x))$

Step 4.1.3.5.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$f' (x) = 0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- x^{- 4} (2 x))$

Step 4.1.3.6

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$f' (x) = 0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- 2 x^{- 4} x)$

Step 4.1.3.7

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$f' (x) = 0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- 2 (x \cdot x^{- 4}))$

Step 4.1.3.8

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f' (x) = 0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- 2 x^{1 - 4})$

Step 4.1.3.9

Subtract $4$ from $1$ .

$f' (x) = 0 - 7 x^{- 2} - 8 (- 2 x^{- 3})$

Step 4.1.3.10

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 8$ .

$f' (x) = 0 - 7 x^{- 2} + 16 x^{- 3}$

Step 4.1.4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1.4.1

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$f' (x) = 0 - 7 \frac{1}{x^{2}} + 16 x^{- 3}$

Step 4.1.4.2

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$f' (x) = 0 - 7 \frac{1}{x^{2}} + 16 (\frac{1}{x^{3}})$

Step 4.1.4.3

Combine terms.

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Step 4.1.4.3.1

Combine $- 7$ and $\frac{1}{x^{2}}$ .

$f' (x) = 0 + \frac{- 7}{x^{2}} + 16 (\frac{1}{x^{3}})$

Step 4.1.4.3.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$f' (x) = 0 - \frac{7}{x^{2}} + 16 (\frac{1}{x^{3}})$

Step 4.1.4.3.3

Subtract $\frac{7}{x^{2}}$ from $0$ .

$f' (x) = - \frac{7}{x^{2}} + 16 (\frac{1}{x^{3}})$

Step 4.1.4.3.4

Combine $16$ and $\frac{1}{x^{3}}$ .

$f' (x) = - \frac{7}{x^{2}} + \frac{16}{x^{3}}$

Step 4.2

The first derivative of $f (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{7}{x^{2}} + \frac{16}{x^{3}}$ .

$- \frac{7}{x^{2}} + \frac{16}{x^{3}}$

Step 5

Set the first derivative equal to $0$ then solve the equation $- \frac{7}{x^{2}} + \frac{16}{x^{3}} = 0$ .

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Step 5.1

Set the first derivative equal to $0$ .

$- \frac{7}{x^{2}} + \frac{16}{x^{3}} = 0$

Step 5.2

Find the LCD of the terms in the equation.

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Step 5.2.1

Finding the LCD of a list of values is the same as finding the LCM of the denominators of those values.

$x^{2}, x^{3}, 1$

Step 5.2.2

Since $x^{2}, x^{3}, 1$ contains both numbers and variables, there are two steps to find the LCM. Find LCM for the numeric part $1, 1, 1$ then find LCM for the variable part $x^{2}, x^{3}$ .

Step 5.2.3

The LCM is the smallest positive number that all of the numbers divide into evenly.

1. List the prime factors of each number.

2. Multiply each factor the greatest number of times it occurs in either number.

Step 5.2.4

The number $1$ is not a prime number because it only has one positive factor, which is itself.

Not prime

Step 5.2.5

The LCM of $1, 1, 1$ is the result of multiplying all prime factors the greatest number of times they occur in either number.

$1$

Step 5.2.6

The factors for $x^{2}$ are $x \cdot x$ , which is $x$ multiplied by each other $2$ times.

$x^{2} = x \cdot x$

$x$ occurs $2$ times.

Step 5.2.7

The factors for $x^{3}$ are $x \cdot x \cdot x$ , which is $x$ multiplied by each other $3$ times.

$x^{3} = x \cdot x \cdot x$

$x$ occurs $3$ times.

Step 5.2.8

The LCM of $x^{2}, x^{3}$ is the result of multiplying all prime factors the greatest number of times they occur in either term.

$x \cdot x \cdot x$

Step 5.2.9

Simplify $x \cdot x \cdot x$ .

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Step 5.2.9.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{2} \cdot x$

Step 5.2.9.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.2.9.2.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

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Step 5.2.9.2.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{2} \cdot x^{1}$

Step 5.2.9.2.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{2 + 1}$

Step 5.2.9.2.2

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$x^{3}$

Step 5.3

Multiply each term in $- \frac{7}{x^{2}} + \frac{16}{x^{3}} = 0$ by $x^{3}$ to eliminate the fractions.

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Step 5.3.1

Multiply each term in $- \frac{7}{x^{2}} + \frac{16}{x^{3}} = 0$ by $x^{3}$ .

$- \frac{7}{x^{2}} x^{3} + \frac{16}{x^{3}} x^{3} = 0 x^{3}$

Step 5.3.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 5.3.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor of $x^{2}$ .

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Step 5.3.2.1.1.1

Move the leading negative in $- \frac{7}{x^{2}}$ into the numerator.

$\frac{- 7}{x^{2}} x^{3} + \frac{16}{x^{3}} x^{3} = 0 x^{3}$

Step 5.3.2.1.1.2

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{- 7}{x^{2}} (x^{2} x) + \frac{16}{x^{3}} x^{3} = 0 x^{3}$

Step 5.3.2.1.1.3

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- 7}{x^{2}} (x^{2} x) + \frac{16}{x^{3}} x^{3} = 0 x^{3}$

Step 5.3.2.1.1.4

Rewrite the expression.

$- 7 x + \frac{16}{x^{3}} x^{3} = 0 x^{3}$

Step 5.3.2.1.2

Cancel the common factor of $x^{3}$ .

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Step 5.3.2.1.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$- 7 x + \frac{16}{x^{3}} x^{3} = 0 x^{3}$

Step 5.3.2.1.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$- 7 x + 16 = 0 x^{3}$

Step 5.3.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 5.3.3.1

Multiply $0$ by $x^{3}$ .

$- 7 x + 16 = 0$

Step 5.4

Solve the equation.

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Step 5.4.1

Subtract $16$ from both sides of the equation.

$- 7 x = - 16$

Step 5.4.2

Divide each term in $- 7 x = - 16$ by $- 7$ and simplify.

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Step 5.4.2.1

Divide each term in $- 7 x = - 16$ by $- 7$ .

$\frac{- 7 x}{- 7} = \frac{- 16}{- 7}$

Step 5.4.2.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 5.4.2.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $- 7$ .

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Step 5.4.2.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- 7 x}{- 7} = \frac{- 16}{- 7}$

Step 5.4.2.2.1.2

Divide $x$ by $1$ .

$x = \frac{- 16}{- 7}$

Step 5.4.2.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 5.4.2.3.1

Dividing two negative values results in a positive value.

$x = \frac{16}{7}$

Step 6

Find the values where the derivative is undefined.

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Step 6.1

Set the denominator in $\frac{7}{x^{2}}$ equal to $0$ to find where the expression is undefined.

$x^{2} = 0$

Step 6.2

Solve for $x$ .

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Step 6.2.1

Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.

$x = \pm \sqrt{0}$

Step 6.2.2

Simplify $\pm \sqrt{0}$ .

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Step 6.2.2.1

Rewrite $0$ as $0^{2}$ .

$x = \pm \sqrt{0^{2}}$

Step 6.2.2.2

Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming positive real numbers.

$x = \pm 0$

Step 6.2.2.3

Plus or minus $0$ is $0$ .

$x = 0$

Step 6.3

Set the denominator in $\frac{16}{x^{3}}$ equal to $0$ to find where the expression is undefined.

$x^{3} = 0$

Step 6.4

Solve for $x$ .

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Step 6.4.1

Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.

$x = \sqrt[3]{0}$

Step 6.4.2

Simplify $\sqrt[3]{0}$ .

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Step 6.4.2.1

Rewrite $0$ as $0^{3}$ .

$x = \sqrt[3]{0^{3}}$

Step 6.4.2.2

Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming real numbers.

$x = 0$

Step 7

Critical points to evaluate.

$x = \frac{16}{7}$

Step 8

Evaluate the second derivative at $x = \frac{16}{7}$ . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.

$\frac{14}{{(\frac{16}{7})}^{3}} - \frac{48}{{(\frac{16}{7})}^{4}}$

Step 9

Evaluate the second derivative.

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Step 9.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 9.1.1

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 9.1.1.1

Apply the product rule to $\frac{16}{7}$ .

$\frac{14}{\frac{16^{3}}{7^{3}}} - \frac{48}{{(\frac{16}{7})}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.1.2

Raise $16$ to the power of $3$ .

$\frac{14}{\frac{4096}{7^{3}}} - \frac{48}{{(\frac{16}{7})}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.1.3

Raise $7$ to the power of $3$ .

$\frac{14}{\frac{4096}{343}} - \frac{48}{{(\frac{16}{7})}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.2

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$14 (\frac{343}{4096}) - \frac{48}{{(\frac{16}{7})}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.3

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 9.1.3.1

Factor $2$ out of $14$ .

$2 (7) \frac{343}{4096} - \frac{48}{{(\frac{16}{7})}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.3.2

Factor $2$ out of $4096$ .

$2 \cdot 7 \frac{343}{2 \cdot 2048} - \frac{48}{{(\frac{16}{7})}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.3.3

Cancel the common factor.

$2 \cdot 7 \frac{343}{2 \cdot 2048} - \frac{48}{{(\frac{16}{7})}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.3.4

Rewrite the expression.

$7 (\frac{343}{2048}) - \frac{48}{{(\frac{16}{7})}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.4

Combine $7$ and $\frac{343}{2048}$ .

$\frac{7 \cdot 343}{2048} - \frac{48}{{(\frac{16}{7})}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.5

Multiply $7$ by $343$ .

$\frac{2401}{2048} - \frac{48}{{(\frac{16}{7})}^{4}}$

Step 9.1.6

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 9.1.6.1

Apply the product rule to $\frac{16}{7}$ .

$\frac{2401}{2048} - \frac{48}{\frac{16^{4}}{7^{4}}}$

Step 9.1.6.2

Raise $16$ to the power of $4$ .

$\frac{2401}{2048} - \frac{48}{\frac{65536}{7^{4}}}$

Step 9.1.6.3

Raise $7$ to the power of $4$ .

$\frac{2401}{2048} - \frac{48}{\frac{65536}{2401}}$

Step 9.1.7

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$\frac{2401}{2048} - (48 (\frac{2401}{65536}))$

Step 9.1.8

Cancel the common factor of $16$ .

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Step 9.1.8.1

Factor $16$ out of $48$ .

$\frac{2401}{2048} - (16 (3) \frac{2401}{65536})$

Step 9.1.8.2

Factor $16$ out of $65536$ .

$\frac{2401}{2048} - (16 \cdot 3 \frac{2401}{16 \cdot 4096})$

Step 9.1.8.3

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2401}{2048} - (16 \cdot 3 \frac{2401}{16 \cdot 4096})$

Step 9.1.8.4

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2401}{2048} - (3 (\frac{2401}{4096}))$

Step 9.1.9

Combine $3$ and $\frac{2401}{4096}$ .

$\frac{2401}{2048} - \frac{3 \cdot 2401}{4096}$

Step 9.1.10

Multiply $3$ by $2401$ .

$\frac{2401}{2048} - \frac{7203}{4096}$

Step 9.2

To write $\frac{2401}{2048}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{2401}{2048} \cdot \frac{2}{2} - \frac{7203}{4096}$

Step 9.3

Write each expression with a common denominator of $4096$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 9.3.1

Multiply $\frac{2401}{2048}$ by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{2401 \cdot 2}{2048 \cdot 2} - \frac{7203}{4096}$

Step 9.3.2

Multiply $2048$ by $2$ .

$\frac{2401 \cdot 2}{4096} - \frac{7203}{4096}$

Step 9.4

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{2401 \cdot 2 - 7203}{4096}$

Step 9.5

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 9.5.1

Multiply $2401$ by $2$ .

$\frac{4802 - 7203}{4096}$

Step 9.5.2

Subtract $7203$ from $4802$ .

$\frac{- 2401}{4096}$

Step 9.6

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{2401}{4096}$

Step 10

$x = \frac{16}{7}$ is a local maximum because the value of the second derivative is negative. This is referred to as the second derivative test.

$x = \frac{16}{7}$ is a local maximum

Step 11

Find the y-value when $x = \frac{16}{7}$ .

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Step 11.1

Replace the variable $x$ with $\frac{16}{7}$ in the expression.

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = 1 + \frac{7}{\frac{16}{7}} - \frac{8}{{(\frac{16}{7})}^{2}}$

Step 11.2

Simplify the result.

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Step 11.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 11.2.1.1

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = 1 + 7 (\frac{7}{16}) - \frac{8}{{(\frac{16}{7})}^{2}}$

Step 11.2.1.2

Multiply $7 (\frac{7}{16})$ .

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Step 11.2.1.2.1

Combine $7$ and $\frac{7}{16}$ .

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = 1 + \frac{7 \cdot 7}{16} - \frac{8}{{(\frac{16}{7})}^{2}}$

Step 11.2.1.2.2

Multiply $7$ by $7$ .

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = 1 + \frac{49}{16} - \frac{8}{{(\frac{16}{7})}^{2}}$

Step 11.2.1.3

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 11.2.1.3.1

Apply the product rule to $\frac{16}{7}$ .

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = 1 + \frac{49}{16} - \frac{8}{\frac{16^{2}}{7^{2}}}$

Step 11.2.1.3.2

Raise $16$ to the power of $2$ .

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = 1 + \frac{49}{16} - \frac{8}{\frac{256}{7^{2}}}$

Step 11.2.1.3.3

Raise $7$ to the power of $2$ .

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = 1 + \frac{49}{16} - \frac{8}{\frac{256}{49}}$

Step 11.2.1.4

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = 1 + \frac{49}{16} - (8 (\frac{49}{256}))$

Step 11.2.1.5

Cancel the common factor of $8$ .

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Step 11.2.1.5.1

Factor $8$ out of $256$ .

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = 1 + \frac{49}{16} - (8 (\frac{49}{8 (32)}))$

Step 11.2.1.5.2

Cancel the common factor.

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = 1 + \frac{49}{16} - (8 (\frac{49}{8 \cdot 32}))$

Step 11.2.1.5.3

Rewrite the expression.

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = 1 + \frac{49}{16} - \frac{49}{32}$

Step 11.2.2

Find the common denominator.

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Step 11.2.2.1

Write $1$ as a fraction with denominator $1$ .

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = \frac{1}{1} + \frac{49}{16} - \frac{49}{32}$

Step 11.2.2.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{1}$ by $\frac{32}{32}$ .

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = \frac{1}{1} \cdot \frac{32}{32} + \frac{49}{16} - \frac{49}{32}$

Step 11.2.2.3

Multiply $\frac{1}{1}$ by $\frac{32}{32}$ .

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = \frac{32}{32} + \frac{49}{16} - \frac{49}{32}$

Step 11.2.2.4

Multiply $\frac{49}{16}$ by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = \frac{32}{32} + \frac{49}{16} \cdot \frac{2}{2} - \frac{49}{32}$

Step 11.2.2.5

Multiply $\frac{49}{16}$ by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = \frac{32}{32} + \frac{49 \cdot 2}{16 \cdot 2} - \frac{49}{32}$

Step 11.2.2.6

Reorder the factors of $16 \cdot 2$ .

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = \frac{32}{32} + \frac{49 \cdot 2}{2 \cdot 16} - \frac{49}{32}$

Step 11.2.2.7

Multiply $2$ by $16$ .

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = \frac{32}{32} + \frac{49 \cdot 2}{32} - \frac{49}{32}$

Step 11.2.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = \frac{32 + 49 \cdot 2 - 49}{32}$

Step 11.2.4

Simplify the expression.

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Step 11.2.4.1

Multiply $49$ by $2$ .

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = \frac{32 + 98 - 49}{32}$

Step 11.2.4.2

Add $32$ and $98$ .

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = \frac{130 - 49}{32}$

Step 11.2.4.3

Subtract $49$ from $130$ .

$f (\frac{16}{7}) = \frac{81}{32}$

Step 11.2.5

The final answer is $\frac{81}{32}$ .

$y = \frac{81}{32}$

Step 12

These are the local extrema for $f (x) = 1 + \frac{7}{x} - \frac{8}{x^{2}}$ .

$(\frac{16}{7}, \frac{81}{32})$ is a local maxima

Step 13