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Calculus Examples
Step 1
Step 1.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.2
Evaluate .
Step 1.2.1
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.2.2
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 1.2.3
Combine and .
Step 1.2.4
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 1.2.5
Simplify the numerator.
Step 1.2.5.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.2.5.2
Subtract from .
Step 1.2.6
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 1.3
Evaluate .
Step 1.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.3.3
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 1.3.4
Combine and .
Step 1.3.5
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 1.3.6
Simplify the numerator.
Step 1.3.6.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.3.6.2
Subtract from .
Step 1.3.7
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 1.3.8
Combine and .
Step 1.3.9
Combine and .
Step 1.3.10
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 1.3.11
Factor out of .
Step 1.3.12
Cancel the common factors.
Step 1.3.12.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.3.12.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 1.3.12.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 1.3.13
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 1.4
Simplify.
Step 1.4.1
Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule .
Step 1.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 2
Step 2.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2
Evaluate .
Step 2.2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2.2
Rewrite as .
Step 2.2.3
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 2.2.3.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 2.2.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.2.3.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2.2.4
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.2.5
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 2.2.5.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 2.2.5.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 2.2.5.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.2.5.2.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.2.5.2.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.2.5.2.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.2.5.3
Combine and .
Step 2.2.5.4
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 2.2.6
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 2.2.7
Combine and .
Step 2.2.8
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.2.9
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.2.9.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.2.9.2
Subtract from .
Step 2.2.10
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 2.2.11
Combine and .
Step 2.2.12
Combine and .
Step 2.2.13
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.2.13.1
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.2.13.2
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 2.2.13.3
Write each expression with a common denominator of , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of .
Step 2.2.13.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.2.13.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.2.13.4
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.2.13.5
Subtract from .
Step 2.2.13.6
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 2.2.14
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 2.2.15
Multiply by .
Step 2.2.16
Multiply by .
Step 2.3
Evaluate .
Step 2.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.3.2
Rewrite as .
Step 2.3.3
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 2.3.3.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 2.3.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.3.3.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2.3.4
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.3.5
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 2.3.5.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 2.3.5.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 2.3.5.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.3.5.2.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.3.5.2.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.3.5.2.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.3.5.3
Combine and .
Step 2.3.5.4
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.5.5
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 2.3.6
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 2.3.7
Combine and .
Step 2.3.8
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.3.9
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.3.9.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.9.2
Subtract from .
Step 2.3.10
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 2.3.11
Combine and .
Step 2.3.12
Combine and .
Step 2.3.13
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.3.13.1
Move .
Step 2.3.13.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.3.13.3
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 2.3.13.4
Write each expression with a common denominator of , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of .
Step 2.3.13.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.13.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.13.5
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 2.3.13.6
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.3.13.6.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.13.6.2
Subtract from .
Step 2.3.13.7
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 2.3.14
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 2.3.15
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.16
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.17
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.18
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.19
Multiply by .
Step 2.4
Reorder terms.
Step 3
To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to and solve.
Step 4
Step 4.1
Find the first derivative.
Step 4.1.1
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.2
Evaluate .
Step 4.1.2.1
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.2.2
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.3
Combine and .
Step 4.1.2.4
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 4.1.2.5
Simplify the numerator.
Step 4.1.2.5.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.2.5.2
Subtract from .
Step 4.1.2.6
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 4.1.3
Evaluate .
Step 4.1.3.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.3.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.3.3
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 4.1.3.4
Combine and .
Step 4.1.3.5
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 4.1.3.6
Simplify the numerator.
Step 4.1.3.6.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.3.6.2
Subtract from .
Step 4.1.3.7
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 4.1.3.8
Combine and .
Step 4.1.3.9
Combine and .
Step 4.1.3.10
Move to the denominator using the negative exponent rule .
Step 4.1.3.11
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.3.12
Cancel the common factors.
Step 4.1.3.12.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.3.12.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 4.1.3.12.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 4.1.3.13
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 4.1.4
Simplify.
Step 4.1.4.1
Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule .
Step 4.1.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.2
The first derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5
Step 5.1
Set the first derivative equal to .
Step 5.2
Find the LCD of the terms in the equation.
Step 5.2.1
Finding the LCD of a list of values is the same as finding the LCM of the denominators of those values.
Step 5.2.2
Since contains both numbers and variables, there are two steps to find the LCM. Find LCM for the numeric part then find LCM for the variable part .
Step 5.2.3
The LCM is the smallest positive number that all of the numbers divide into evenly.
1. List the prime factors of each number.
2. Multiply each factor the greatest number of times it occurs in either number.
Step 5.2.4
has factors of and .
Step 5.2.5
Since has no factors besides and .
is a prime number
Step 5.2.6
The number is not a prime number because it only has one positive factor, which is itself.
Not prime
Step 5.2.7
The LCM of is the result of multiplying all prime factors the greatest number of times they occur in either number.
Step 5.2.8
Multiply by .
Step 5.2.9
The LCM of is the result of multiplying all prime factors the greatest number of times they occur in either term.
Step 5.2.10
The LCM for is the numeric part multiplied by the variable part.
Step 5.3
Multiply each term in by to eliminate the fractions.
Step 5.3.1
Multiply each term in by .
Step 5.3.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 5.3.2.1
Simplify each term.
Step 5.3.2.1.1
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 5.3.2.1.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 5.3.2.1.2.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.3.2.1.2.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 5.3.2.1.3
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 5.3.2.1.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 5.3.2.1.3.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.3.2.1.3.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 5.3.2.1.4
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 5.3.2.1.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 5.3.2.1.4.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 5.3.2.1.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 5.3.2.1.4.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.3.2.1.4.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 5.3.2.1.5
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 5.3.2.1.5.1
Move the leading negative in into the numerator.
Step 5.3.2.1.5.2
Factor out of .
Step 5.3.2.1.5.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.3.2.1.5.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 5.3.2.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 5.3.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 5.3.3.1
Multiply .
Step 5.3.3.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 5.3.3.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 5.4
Solve the equation.
Step 5.4.1
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 5.4.2
Raise each side of the equation to the power of to eliminate the fractional exponent on the left side.
Step 5.4.3
Simplify the exponent.
Step 5.4.3.1
Simplify the left side.
Step 5.4.3.1.1
Simplify .
Step 5.4.3.1.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 5.4.3.1.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 5.4.3.1.1.3
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 5.4.3.1.1.3.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 5.4.3.1.1.3.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 5.4.3.1.1.3.2.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.4.3.1.1.3.2.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 5.4.3.1.1.4
Simplify.
Step 5.4.3.2
Simplify the right side.
Step 5.4.3.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 5.4.4
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 5.4.4.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 5.4.4.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 5.4.4.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 5.4.4.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.4.4.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 5.4.4.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 5.4.4.3.1
Divide by .
Step 6
Step 6.1
Convert expressions with fractional exponents to radicals.
Step 6.1.1
Apply the rule to rewrite the exponentiation as a radical.
Step 6.1.2
Apply the rule to rewrite the exponentiation as a radical.
Step 6.1.3
Anything raised to is the base itself.
Step 6.2
Set the denominator in equal to to find where the expression is undefined.
Step 6.3
Solve for .
Step 6.3.1
To remove the radical on the left side of the equation, raise both sides of the equation to the power of .
Step 6.3.2
Simplify each side of the equation.
Step 6.3.2.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 6.3.2.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 6.3.2.2.1
Simplify .
Step 6.3.2.2.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 6.3.2.2.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 6.3.2.2.1.3
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 6.3.2.2.1.3.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 6.3.2.2.1.3.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 6.3.2.2.1.3.2.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.3.2.2.1.3.2.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 6.3.2.2.1.4
Simplify.
Step 6.3.2.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 6.3.2.3.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 6.3.3
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 6.3.3.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 6.3.3.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 6.3.3.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 6.3.3.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.3.3.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 6.3.3.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 6.3.3.3.1
Divide by .
Step 6.4
Set the denominator in equal to to find where the expression is undefined.
Step 6.5
Solve for .
Step 6.5.1
To remove the radical on the left side of the equation, raise both sides of the equation to the power of .
Step 6.5.2
Simplify each side of the equation.
Step 6.5.2.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 6.5.2.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 6.5.2.2.1
Simplify .
Step 6.5.2.2.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 6.5.2.2.1.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 6.5.2.2.1.3
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 6.5.2.2.1.3.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 6.5.2.2.1.3.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 6.5.2.2.1.3.2.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.5.2.2.1.3.2.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 6.5.2.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 6.5.2.3.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 6.5.3
Solve for .
Step 6.5.3.1
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 6.5.3.1.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 6.5.3.1.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 6.5.3.1.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 6.5.3.1.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 6.5.3.1.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 6.5.3.1.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 6.5.3.1.3.1
Divide by .
Step 6.5.3.2
Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.
Step 6.5.3.3
Simplify .
Step 6.5.3.3.1
Rewrite as .
Step 6.5.3.3.2
Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming real numbers.
Step 6.6
Set the radicand in less than to find where the expression is undefined.
Step 6.7
Set the radicand in less than to find where the expression is undefined.
Step 6.8
Solve for .
Step 6.8.1
Take the specified root of both sides of the inequality to eliminate the exponent on the left side.
Step 6.8.2
Simplify the equation.
Step 6.8.2.1
Simplify the left side.
Step 6.8.2.1.1
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 6.8.2.2
Simplify the right side.
Step 6.8.2.2.1
Simplify .
Step 6.8.2.2.1.1
Rewrite as .
Step 6.8.2.2.1.2
Pull terms out from under the radical.
Step 6.9
The equation is undefined where the denominator equals , the argument of a square root is less than , or the argument of a logarithm is less than or equal to .
Step 7
Critical points to evaluate.
Step 8
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 9
Step 9.1
Simplify each term.
Step 9.1.1
Simplify the denominator.
Step 9.1.1.1
Rewrite as .
Step 9.1.1.2
Rewrite as .
Step 9.1.1.3
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 9.1.1.3.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 9.1.1.3.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 9.1.1.3.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 9.1.1.3.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.1.1.3.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 9.1.1.4
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 9.1.1.5
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 9.1.1.6
Combine and .
Step 9.1.1.7
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 9.1.1.8
Simplify the numerator.
Step 9.1.1.8.1
Multiply by .
Step 9.1.1.8.2
Add and .
Step 9.1.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 9.1.2.1
Rewrite as .
Step 9.1.2.2
Rewrite as .
Step 9.1.2.3
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 9.1.2.3.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 9.1.2.3.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 9.1.2.3.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 9.1.2.3.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.1.2.3.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 9.1.2.4
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 9.1.2.5
To write as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by .
Step 9.1.2.6
Combine and .
Step 9.1.2.7
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 9.1.2.8
Simplify the numerator.
Step 9.1.2.8.1
Multiply by .
Step 9.1.2.8.2
Add and .
Step 9.2
Combine fractions.
Step 9.2.1
Combine the numerators over the common denominator.
Step 9.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 10
is a local minimum because the value of the second derivative is positive. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local minimum
Step 11
Step 11.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 11.2
Simplify the result.
Step 11.2.1
Remove parentheses.
Step 11.2.2
The final answer is .
Step 12
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 13
Step 13.1
Simplify the expression.
Step 13.1.1
Rewrite as .
Step 13.1.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 13.2
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 13.2.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 13.2.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 13.3
Simplify the expression.
Step 13.3.1
Raising to any positive power yields .
Step 13.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 13.3.3
The expression contains a division by . The expression is undefined.
Undefined
Step 13.4
The expression contains a division by . The expression is undefined.
Undefined
Undefined
Step 14
Since the first derivative test failed, there are no local extrema.
No Local Extrema
Step 15