Calculus Examples

$f (x) = x \sqrt{2 x + 1}$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{2 x + 1}$ as ${(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x$ and $g (x) = {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$x \frac{d}{d x} [{(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}] + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = 2 x + 1$ .

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Step 3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $2 x + 1$ .

$x (\frac{d}{d u} [u^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [2 x + 1]) + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} u^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x + 1]) + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $2 x + 1$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x + 1]) + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 4

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x + 1]) + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 5

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x + 1]) + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x + 1]) + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 7

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 7.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x + 1]) + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 7.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x + 1]) + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 8

Combine fractions.

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Step 8.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(2 x + 1)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x + 1]) + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 8.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(2 x + 1)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$x (\frac{{(2 x + 1)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x + 1]) + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 8.3

Move ${(2 x + 1)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2 {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x + 1]) + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 8.4

Combine $\frac{1}{2 {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x + 1] + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 9

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $2 x + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 10

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 11

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 12

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 13

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 + 0) + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 14

Simplify terms.

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Step 14.1

Add $2$ and $0$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot 2 + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 14.2

Combine $\frac{x}{2 {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $2$ .

$\frac{x \cdot 2}{2 {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 14.3

Move $2$ to the left of $x$ .

$\frac{2 \cdot x}{2 {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 14.4

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 x}{2 {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 14.5

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{x}{{(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 15

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{x}{{(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1$

Step 16

Multiply ${(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x}{{(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 17

To write ${(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{{(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{x}{{(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{{(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{x + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 19

Multiply ${(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 19.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}}{{(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 19.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{x + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}}}{{(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 19.3

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{x + {(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{2}{2}}}{{(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 19.4

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{x + {(2 x + 1)}^{1}}{{(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20

Simplify ${(2 x + 1)}^{1}$ .

$\frac{x + 2 x + 1}{{(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 21

Add $x$ and $2 x$ .

$\frac{3 x + 1}{{(2 x + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$