Calculus Examples

$f (x) = \cos (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})$

Step 1

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \cos (x)$ and $g (x) = \frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}$ .

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Step 1.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\cos (u_{1})] \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}]$

Step 1.2

The derivative of $\cos (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $- \sin (u_{1})$ .

$- \sin (u_{1}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}]$

Step 1.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = 1 - e^{2 x}$ and $g (x) = 1 + e^{2 x}$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 - e^{2 x}] - (1 - e^{2 x}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + e^{2 x}]}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 3

Differentiate.

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Step 3.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - e^{2 x}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- e^{2 x}]$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- e^{2 x}]) - (1 - e^{2 x}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + e^{2 x}]}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 3.2

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [- e^{2 x}]) - (1 - e^{2 x}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + e^{2 x}]}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 3.3

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [- e^{2 x}]$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) \frac{d}{d x} [- e^{2 x}] - (1 - e^{2 x}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + e^{2 x}]}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 3.4

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- e^{2 x}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [e^{2 x}]$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- \frac{d}{d x} [e^{2 x}]) - (1 - e^{2 x}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + e^{2 x}]}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 4

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = e^{x}$ and $g (x) = 2 x$ .

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Step 4.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $2 x$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [e^{u_{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])) - (1 - e^{2 x}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + e^{2 x}]}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 4.2

Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [a^{u_{2}}]$ is $a^{u_{2}} \ln (a)$ where $a$ = $e$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- (e^{u_{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])) - (1 - e^{2 x}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + e^{2 x}]}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 4.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $2 x$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- (e^{2 x} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])) - (1 - e^{2 x}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + e^{2 x}]}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 5

Differentiate.

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Step 5.1

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- e^{2 x} (2 \frac{d}{d x} [x])) - (1 - e^{2 x}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + e^{2 x}]}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 5.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- 2 e^{2 x} \frac{d}{d x} [x]) - (1 - e^{2 x}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + e^{2 x}]}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 5.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- 2 e^{2 x} \cdot 1) - (1 - e^{2 x}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + e^{2 x}]}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 5.4

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- 2 e^{2 x}) - (1 - e^{2 x}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + e^{2 x}]}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 5.5

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 + e^{2 x}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{2 x}]$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- 2 e^{2 x}) - (1 - e^{2 x}) (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{2 x}])}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 5.6

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- 2 e^{2 x}) - (1 - e^{2 x}) (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{2 x}])}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 5.7

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [e^{2 x}]$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- 2 e^{2 x}) - (1 - e^{2 x}) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{2 x}]}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 6

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = e^{x}$ and $g (x) = 2 x$ .

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Step 6.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{3}$ as $2 x$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- 2 e^{2 x}) - (1 - e^{2 x}) (\frac{d}{d u_{3}} [e^{u_{3}}] \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 6.2

Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{3}} [a^{u_{3}}]$ is $a^{u_{3}} \ln (a)$ where $a$ = $e$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- 2 e^{2 x}) - (1 - e^{2 x}) (e^{u_{3}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 6.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{3}$ with $2 x$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- 2 e^{2 x}) - (1 - e^{2 x}) (e^{2 x} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 7

Differentiate.

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Step 7.1

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- 2 e^{2 x}) - (1 - e^{2 x}) (e^{2 x} (2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]))}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 7.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- 2 e^{2 x}) - 2 (1 - e^{2 x}) (e^{2 x} (\frac{d}{d x} [x]))}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 7.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- 2 e^{2 x}) - 2 (1 - e^{2 x}) (e^{2 x} \cdot 1)}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 7.4

Combine fractions.

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Step 7.4.1

Multiply $e^{2 x}$ by $1$ .

$- \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}}) \frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- 2 e^{2 x}) - 2 (1 - e^{2 x}) e^{2 x}}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 7.4.2

Combine $\frac{(1 + e^{2 x}) (- 2 e^{2 x}) - 2 (1 - e^{2 x}) e^{2 x}}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$ and $\sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})$ .

$- \frac{((1 + e^{2 x}) (- 2 e^{2 x}) - 2 (1 - e^{2 x}) e^{2 x}) \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8

Simplify.

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Step 8.1

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{(1 (- 2 e^{2 x}) + e^{2 x} (- 2 e^{2 x}) - 2 (1 - e^{2 x}) e^{2 x}) \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.2

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{(1 (- 2 e^{2 x}) + e^{2 x} (- 2 e^{2 x}) + (- 2 \cdot 1 - 2 (- e^{2 x})) e^{2 x}) \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.3

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{(1 (- 2 e^{2 x}) + e^{2 x} (- 2 e^{2 x}) - 2 \cdot 1 e^{2 x} - 2 (- e^{2 x}) e^{2 x}) \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 8.4.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 8.4.1.1

Multiply $- 2 e^{2 x}$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{(- 2 e^{2 x} + e^{2 x} (- 2 e^{2 x}) - 2 \cdot 1 e^{2 x} - 2 (- e^{2 x}) e^{2 x}) \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.4.1.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$- \frac{(- 2 e^{2 x} - 2 e^{2 x} e^{2 x} - 2 \cdot 1 e^{2 x} - 2 (- e^{2 x}) e^{2 x}) \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.4.1.3

Multiply $e^{2 x}$ by $e^{2 x}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 8.4.1.3.1

Move $e^{2 x}$ .

$- \frac{(- 2 e^{2 x} - 2 (e^{2 x} e^{2 x}) - 2 \cdot 1 e^{2 x} - 2 (- e^{2 x}) e^{2 x}) \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.4.1.3.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{(- 2 e^{2 x} - 2 e^{2 x + 2 x} - 2 \cdot 1 e^{2 x} - 2 (- e^{2 x}) e^{2 x}) \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.4.1.3.3

Add $2 x$ and $2 x$ .

$- \frac{(- 2 e^{2 x} - 2 e^{4 x} - 2 \cdot 1 e^{2 x} - 2 (- e^{2 x}) e^{2 x}) \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.4.1.4

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{(- 2 e^{2 x} - 2 e^{4 x} - 2 e^{2 x} - 2 (- e^{2 x}) e^{2 x}) \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.4.1.5

Multiply $e^{2 x}$ by $e^{2 x}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 8.4.1.5.1

Move $e^{2 x}$ .

$- \frac{(- 2 e^{2 x} - 2 e^{4 x} - 2 e^{2 x} - 2 (- (e^{2 x} e^{2 x}))) \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.4.1.5.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{(- 2 e^{2 x} - 2 e^{4 x} - 2 e^{2 x} - 2 (- e^{2 x + 2 x})) \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.4.1.5.3

Add $2 x$ and $2 x$ .

$- \frac{(- 2 e^{2 x} - 2 e^{4 x} - 2 e^{2 x} - 2 (- e^{4 x})) \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.4.1.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$- \frac{(- 2 e^{2 x} - 2 e^{4 x} - 2 e^{2 x} + 2 e^{4 x}) \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.4.2

Combine the opposite terms in $- 2 e^{2 x} - 2 e^{4 x} - 2 e^{2 x} + 2 e^{4 x}$ .

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Step 8.4.2.1

Add $- 2 e^{4 x}$ and $2 e^{4 x}$ .

$- \frac{(- 2 e^{2 x} + 0 - 2 e^{2 x}) \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.4.2.2

Add $- 2 e^{2 x}$ and $0$ .

$- \frac{(- 2 e^{2 x} - 2 e^{2 x}) \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.4.3

Subtract $2 e^{2 x}$ from $- 2 e^{2 x}$ .

$- \frac{- 4 e^{2 x} \sin (\frac{1 - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.4.4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 8.4.4.1

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$- \frac{- 4 e^{2 x} \sin (\frac{1^{2} - e^{2 x}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.4.4.2

Rewrite $e^{2 x}$ as ${(e^{x})}^{2}$ .

$- \frac{- 4 e^{2 x} \sin (\frac{1^{2} - {(e^{x})}^{2}}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.4.4.3

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = 1$ and $b = e^{x}$ .

$- \frac{- 4 e^{2 x} \sin (\frac{(1 + e^{x}) (1 - e^{x})}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.5

Combine terms.

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Step 8.5.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- - \frac{4 e^{2 x} \sin (\frac{(1 + e^{x}) (1 - e^{x})}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.5.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$1 \frac{4 e^{2 x} \sin (\frac{(1 + e^{x}) (1 - e^{x})}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$

Step 8.5.3

Multiply $\frac{4 e^{2 x} \sin (\frac{(1 + e^{x}) (1 - e^{x})}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{4 e^{2 x} \sin (\frac{(1 + e^{x}) (1 - e^{x})}{1 + e^{2 x}})}{{(1 + e^{2 x})}^{2}}$