Calculus Examples

$f (x) = \frac{9}{x} + x - 3$

Step 1

Find the first derivative of the function.

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Step 1.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $\frac{9}{x} + x - 3$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{9}{x}] + \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 3]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{9}{x}] + \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 3]$

Step 1.2

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{9}{x}]$ .

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Step 1.2.1

Since $9$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $\frac{9}{x}$ with respect to $x$ is $9 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{x}]$ .

$9 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{x}] + \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 3]$

Step 1.2.2

Rewrite $\frac{1}{x}$ as $x^{- 1}$ .

$9 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{- 1}] + \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 3]$

Step 1.2.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = - 1$ .

$9 (- x^{- 2}) + \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 3]$

Step 1.2.4

Multiply $- 1$ by $9$ .

$- 9 x^{- 2} + \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 3]$

Step 1.3

Differentiate.

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Step 1.3.1

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$- 9 x^{- 2} + 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 3]$

Step 1.3.2

Since $- 3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 3$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$- 9 x^{- 2} + 1 + 0$

Step 1.4

Simplify.

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Step 1.4.1

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$- 9 \frac{1}{x^{2}} + 1 + 0$

Step 1.4.2

Combine terms.

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Step 1.4.2.1

Combine $- 9$ and $\frac{1}{x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{- 9}{x^{2}} + 1 + 0$

Step 1.4.2.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{9}{x^{2}} + 1 + 0$

Step 1.4.2.3

Add $- \frac{9}{x^{2}} + 1$ and $0$ .

$- \frac{9}{x^{2}} + 1$

Step 2

Find the second derivative of the function.

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Step 2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $- \frac{9}{x^{2}} + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{9}{x^{2}}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{d}{d x} (- \frac{9}{x^{2}}) + \frac{d}{d x} (1)$

Step 2.2

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{9}{x^{2}}]$ .

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Step 2.2.1

Since $- 9$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- \frac{9}{x^{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $- 9 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{x^{2}}]$ .

$f'' (x) = - 9 \frac{d}{d x} \frac{1}{x^{2}} + \frac{d}{d x} (1)$

Step 2.2.2

Rewrite $\frac{1}{x^{2}}$ as ${(x^{2})}^{- 1}$ .

$f'' (x) = - 9 \frac{d}{d x} {(x^{2})}^{- 1} + \frac{d}{d x} (1)$

Step 2.2.3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{- 1}$ and $g (x) = x^{2}$ .

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Step 2.2.3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x^{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = - 9 (\frac{d}{d u} (u^{- 1}) \frac{d}{d x} (x^{2})) + \frac{d}{d x} (1)$

Step 2.2.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = - 1$ .

$f'' (x) = - 9 (- u^{- 2} \frac{d}{d x} x^{2}) + \frac{d}{d x} (1)$

Step 2.2.3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{2}$ .

$f'' (x) = - 9 (- {(x^{2})}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d x} x^{2}) + \frac{d}{d x} (1)$

Step 2.2.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$f'' (x) = - 9 (- {(x^{2})}^{- 2} (2 x)) + \frac{d}{d x} (1)$

Step 2.2.5

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{- 2}$ .

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Step 2.2.5.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$f'' (x) = - 9 (- x^{2 \cdot - 2} (2 x)) + \frac{d}{d x} (1)$

Step 2.2.5.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$f'' (x) = - 9 (- x^{- 4} (2 x)) + \frac{d}{d x} (1)$

Step 2.2.6

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$f'' (x) = - 9 (- 2 x^{- 4} x) + \frac{d}{d x} (1)$

Step 2.2.7

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$f'' (x) = - 9 (- 2 (x \cdot x^{- 4})) + \frac{d}{d x} (1)$

Step 2.2.8

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$f'' (x) = - 9 (- 2 x^{1 - 4}) + \frac{d}{d x} (1)$

Step 2.2.9

Subtract $4$ from $1$ .

$f'' (x) = - 9 (- 2 x^{- 3}) + \frac{d}{d x} (1)$

Step 2.2.10

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 9$ .

$f'' (x) = 18 x^{- 3} + \frac{d}{d x} (1)$

Step 2.3

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$f'' (x) = 18 x^{- 3} + 0$

Step 2.4

Simplify.

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Step 2.4.1

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$f'' (x) = 18 (\frac{1}{x^{3}}) + 0$

Step 2.4.2

Combine terms.

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Step 2.4.2.1

Combine $18$ and $\frac{1}{x^{3}}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{18}{x^{3}} + 0$

Step 2.4.2.2

Add $\frac{18}{x^{3}}$ and $0$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{18}{x^{3}}$

Step 3

To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to $0$ and solve.

$- \frac{9}{x^{2}} + 1 = 0$

Step 4

Find the first derivative.

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Step 4.1

Find the first derivative.

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Step 4.1.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $\frac{9}{x} + x - 3$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{9}{x}] + \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 3]$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{9}{x}) + \frac{d}{d x} (x) + \frac{d}{d x} (- 3)$

Step 4.1.2

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{9}{x}]$ .

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Step 4.1.2.1

Since $9$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $\frac{9}{x}$ with respect to $x$ is $9 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{x}]$ .

$f' (x) = 9 \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{1}{x}) + \frac{d}{d x} (x) + \frac{d}{d x} (- 3)$

Step 4.1.2.2

Rewrite $\frac{1}{x}$ as $x^{- 1}$ .

$f' (x) = 9 \frac{d}{d x} (x^{- 1}) + \frac{d}{d x} (x) + \frac{d}{d x} (- 3)$

Step 4.1.2.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = - 1$ .

$f' (x) = 9 (- x^{- 2}) + \frac{d}{d x} (x) + \frac{d}{d x} (- 3)$

Step 4.1.2.4

Multiply $- 1$ by $9$ .

$f' (x) = - 9 x^{- 2} + \frac{d}{d x} (x) + \frac{d}{d x} (- 3)$

Step 4.1.3

Differentiate.

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Step 4.1.3.1

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$f' (x) = - 9 x^{- 2} + 1 + \frac{d}{d x} (- 3)$

Step 4.1.3.2

Since $- 3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 3$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$f' (x) = - 9 x^{- 2} + 1 + 0$

Step 4.1.4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1.4.1

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$f' (x) = - 9 \frac{1}{x^{2}} + 1 + 0$

Step 4.1.4.2

Combine terms.

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Step 4.1.4.2.1

Combine $- 9$ and $\frac{1}{x^{2}}$ .

$f' (x) = \frac{- 9}{x^{2}} + 1 + 0$

Step 4.1.4.2.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$f' (x) = - \frac{9}{x^{2}} + 1 + 0$

Step 4.1.4.2.3

Add $- \frac{9}{x^{2}} + 1$ and $0$ .

$f' (x) = - \frac{9}{x^{2}} + 1$

Step 4.2

The first derivative of $f (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{9}{x^{2}} + 1$ .

$- \frac{9}{x^{2}} + 1$

Step 5

Set the first derivative equal to $0$ then solve the equation $- \frac{9}{x^{2}} + 1 = 0$ .

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Step 5.1

Set the first derivative equal to $0$ .

$- \frac{9}{x^{2}} + 1 = 0$

Step 5.2

Subtract $1$ from both sides of the equation.

$- \frac{9}{x^{2}} = - 1$

Step 5.3

Find the LCD of the terms in the equation.

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Step 5.3.1

Finding the LCD of a list of values is the same as finding the LCM of the denominators of those values.

$x^{2}, 1$

Step 5.3.2

The LCM of one and any expression is the expression.

$x^{2}$

Step 5.4

Multiply each term in $- \frac{9}{x^{2}} = - 1$ by $x^{2}$ to eliminate the fractions.

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Step 5.4.1

Multiply each term in $- \frac{9}{x^{2}} = - 1$ by $x^{2}$ .

$- \frac{9}{x^{2}} x^{2} = - x^{2}$

Step 5.4.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 5.4.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $x^{2}$ .

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Step 5.4.2.1.1

Move the leading negative in $- \frac{9}{x^{2}}$ into the numerator.

$\frac{- 9}{x^{2}} x^{2} = - x^{2}$

Step 5.4.2.1.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- 9}{x^{2}} x^{2} = - x^{2}$

Step 5.4.2.1.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- 9 = - x^{2}$

Step 5.5

Solve the equation.

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Step 5.5.1

Rewrite the equation as $- x^{2} = - 9$ .

$- x^{2} = - 9$

Step 5.5.2

Divide each term in $- x^{2} = - 9$ by $- 1$ and simplify.

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Step 5.5.2.1

Divide each term in $- x^{2} = - 9$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{- x^{2}}{- 1} = \frac{- 9}{- 1}$

Step 5.5.2.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 5.5.2.2.1

Dividing two negative values results in a positive value.

$\frac{x^{2}}{1} = \frac{- 9}{- 1}$

Step 5.5.2.2.2

Divide $x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} = \frac{- 9}{- 1}$

Step 5.5.2.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 5.5.2.3.1

Divide $- 9$ by $- 1$ .

$x^{2} = 9$

Step 5.5.3

Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.

$x = \pm \sqrt{9}$

Step 5.5.4

Simplify $\pm \sqrt{9}$ .

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Step 5.5.4.1

Rewrite $9$ as $3^{2}$ .

$x = \pm \sqrt{3^{2}}$

Step 5.5.4.2

Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming positive real numbers.

$x = \pm 3$

Step 5.5.5

The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.

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Step 5.5.5.1

First, use the positive value of the $\pm$ to find the first solution.

$x = 3$

Step 5.5.5.2

Next, use the negative value of the $\pm$ to find the second solution.

$x = - 3$

Step 5.5.5.3

The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.

$x = 3, - 3$

Step 6

Find the values where the derivative is undefined.

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Step 6.1

Set the denominator in $\frac{9}{x^{2}}$ equal to $0$ to find where the expression is undefined.

$x^{2} = 0$

Step 6.2

Solve for $x$ .

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Step 6.2.1

Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.

$x = \pm \sqrt{0}$

Step 6.2.2

Simplify $\pm \sqrt{0}$ .

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Step 6.2.2.1

Rewrite $0$ as $0^{2}$ .

$x = \pm \sqrt{0^{2}}$

Step 6.2.2.2

Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming positive real numbers.

$x = \pm 0$

Step 6.2.2.3

Plus or minus $0$ is $0$ .

$x = 0$

Step 7

Critical points to evaluate.

$x = 3, - 3$

Step 8

Evaluate the second derivative at $x = 3$ . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.

$\frac{18}{{(3)}^{3}}$

Step 9

Evaluate the second derivative.

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Step 9.1

Raise $3$ to the power of $3$ .

$\frac{18}{27}$

Step 9.2

Cancel the common factor of $18$ and $27$ .

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Step 9.2.1

Factor $9$ out of $18$ .

$\frac{9 (2)}{27}$

Step 9.2.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 9.2.2.1

Factor $9$ out of $27$ .

$\frac{9 \cdot 2}{9 \cdot 3}$

Step 9.2.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{9 \cdot 2}{9 \cdot 3}$

Step 9.2.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2}{3}$

Step 10

$x = 3$ is a local minimum because the value of the second derivative is positive. This is referred to as the second derivative test.

$x = 3$ is a local minimum

Step 11

Find the y-value when $x = 3$ .

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Step 11.1

Replace the variable $x$ with $3$ in the expression.

$f (3) = \frac{9}{3} + 3 - 3$

Step 11.2

Simplify the result.

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Step 11.2.1

Remove parentheses.

$f (3) = \frac{9}{3} + 3 - 3$

Step 11.2.2

Find the common denominator.

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Step 11.2.2.1

Write $3$ as a fraction with denominator $1$ .

$f (3) = \frac{9}{3} + \frac{3}{1} - 3$

Step 11.2.2.2

Multiply $\frac{3}{1}$ by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$f (3) = \frac{9}{3} + \frac{3}{1} \cdot \frac{3}{3} - 3$

Step 11.2.2.3

Multiply $\frac{3}{1}$ by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$f (3) = \frac{9}{3} + \frac{3 \cdot 3}{3} - 3$

Step 11.2.2.4

Write $- 3$ as a fraction with denominator $1$ .

$f (3) = \frac{9}{3} + \frac{3 \cdot 3}{3} + \frac{- 3}{1}$

Step 11.2.2.5

Multiply $\frac{- 3}{1}$ by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$f (3) = \frac{9}{3} + \frac{3 \cdot 3}{3} + \frac{- 3}{1} \cdot \frac{3}{3}$

Step 11.2.2.6

Multiply $\frac{- 3}{1}$ by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$f (3) = \frac{9}{3} + \frac{3 \cdot 3}{3} + \frac{- 3 \cdot 3}{3}$

Step 11.2.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$f (3) = \frac{9 + 3 \cdot 3 - 3 \cdot 3}{3}$

Step 11.2.4

Simplify each term.

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Step 11.2.4.1

Multiply $3$ by $3$ .

$f (3) = \frac{9 + 9 - 3 \cdot 3}{3}$

Step 11.2.4.2

Multiply $- 3$ by $3$ .

$f (3) = \frac{9 + 9 - 9}{3}$

Step 11.2.5

Simplify the expression.

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Step 11.2.5.1

Add $9$ and $9$ .

$f (3) = \frac{18 - 9}{3}$

Step 11.2.5.2

Subtract $9$ from $18$ .

$f (3) = \frac{9}{3}$

Step 11.2.5.3

Divide $9$ by $3$ .

$f (3) = 3$

Step 11.2.6

The final answer is $3$ .

$y = 3$

Step 12

Evaluate the second derivative at $x = - 3$ . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.

$\frac{18}{{(- 3)}^{3}}$

Step 13

Evaluate the second derivative.

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Step 13.1

Raise $- 3$ to the power of $3$ .

$\frac{18}{- 27}$

Step 13.2

Cancel the common factor of $18$ and $- 27$ .

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Step 13.2.1

Factor $9$ out of $18$ .

$\frac{9 (2)}{- 27}$

Step 13.2.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 13.2.2.1

Factor $9$ out of $- 27$ .

$\frac{9 \cdot 2}{9 \cdot - 3}$

Step 13.2.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{9 \cdot 2}{9 \cdot - 3}$

Step 13.2.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2}{- 3}$

Step 13.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{2}{3}$

Step 14

$x = - 3$ is a local maximum because the value of the second derivative is negative. This is referred to as the second derivative test.

$x = - 3$ is a local maximum

Step 15

Find the y-value when $x = - 3$ .

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Step 15.1

Replace the variable $x$ with $- 3$ in the expression.

$f (- 3) = \frac{9}{- 3} - 3 - 3$

Step 15.2

Simplify the result.

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Step 15.2.1

Remove parentheses.

$f (- 3) = \frac{9}{- 3} - 3 - 3$

Step 15.2.2

Find the common denominator.

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Step 15.2.2.1

Multiply $\frac{9}{- 3}$ by $\frac{- 1}{- 1}$ .

$f (- 3) = \frac{9}{- 3} \cdot \frac{- 1}{- 1} - 3 - 3$

Step 15.2.2.2

Multiply $\frac{9}{- 3}$ by $\frac{- 1}{- 1}$ .

$f (- 3) = \frac{9 \cdot - 1}{- 3 \cdot - 1} - 3 - 3$

Step 15.2.2.3

Write $- 3$ as a fraction with denominator $1$ .

$f (- 3) = \frac{9 \cdot - 1}{- 3 \cdot - 1} + \frac{- 3}{1} - 3$

Step 15.2.2.4

Multiply $\frac{- 3}{1}$ by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$f (- 3) = \frac{9 \cdot - 1}{- 3 \cdot - 1} + \frac{- 3}{1} \cdot \frac{3}{3} - 3$

Step 15.2.2.5

Multiply $\frac{- 3}{1}$ by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$f (- 3) = \frac{9 \cdot - 1}{- 3 \cdot - 1} + \frac{- 3 \cdot 3}{3} - 3$

Step 15.2.2.6

Write $- 3$ as a fraction with denominator $1$ .

$f (- 3) = \frac{9 \cdot - 1}{- 3 \cdot - 1} + \frac{- 3 \cdot 3}{3} + \frac{- 3}{1}$

Step 15.2.2.7

Multiply $\frac{- 3}{1}$ by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$f (- 3) = \frac{9 \cdot - 1}{- 3 \cdot - 1} + \frac{- 3 \cdot 3}{3} + \frac{- 3}{1} \cdot \frac{3}{3}$

Step 15.2.2.8

Multiply $\frac{- 3}{1}$ by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$f (- 3) = \frac{9 \cdot - 1}{- 3 \cdot - 1} + \frac{- 3 \cdot 3}{3} + \frac{- 3 \cdot 3}{3}$

Step 15.2.2.9

Multiply $- 3$ by $- 1$ .

$f (- 3) = \frac{9 \cdot - 1}{3} + \frac{- 3 \cdot 3}{3} + \frac{- 3 \cdot 3}{3}$

Step 15.2.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$f (- 3) = \frac{9 \cdot - 1 - 3 \cdot 3 - 3 \cdot 3}{3}$

Step 15.2.4

Simplify each term.

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Step 15.2.4.1

Multiply $9$ by $- 1$ .

$f (- 3) = \frac{- 9 - 3 \cdot 3 - 3 \cdot 3}{3}$

Step 15.2.4.2

Multiply $- 3$ by $3$ .

$f (- 3) = \frac{- 9 - 9 - 3 \cdot 3}{3}$

Step 15.2.4.3

Multiply $- 3$ by $3$ .

$f (- 3) = \frac{- 9 - 9 - 9}{3}$

Step 15.2.5

Simplify the expression.

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Step 15.2.5.1

Subtract $9$ from $- 9$ .

$f (- 3) = \frac{- 18 - 9}{3}$

Step 15.2.5.2

Subtract $9$ from $- 18$ .

$f (- 3) = \frac{- 27}{3}$

Step 15.2.5.3

Divide $- 27$ by $3$ .

$f (- 3) = - 9$

Step 15.2.6

The final answer is $- 9$ .

$y = - 9$

Step 16

These are the local extrema for $f (x) = \frac{9}{x} + x - 3$ .

$(3, 3)$ is a local minima

$(- 3, - 9)$ is a local maxima

Step 17