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Calculus Examples
Step 1
Step 1.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.2
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 1.3
Differentiate.
Step 1.3.1
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.3.3
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.3.4
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.3.5
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 1.3.6
Multiply by .
Step 1.3.7
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 1.3.8
Simplify the expression.
Step 1.3.8.1
Add and .
Step 1.3.8.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 1.5
Raise to the power of .
Step 1.6
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 1.7
Add and .
Step 1.8
Subtract from .
Step 1.9
Combine and .
Step 1.10
Simplify.
Step 1.10.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.10.2
Simplify each term.
Step 1.10.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.10.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.10.3
Factor out of .
Step 1.10.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 1.10.3.2
Factor out of .
Step 1.10.3.3
Factor out of .
Step 1.10.4
Factor out of .
Step 1.10.5
Rewrite as .
Step 1.10.6
Factor out of .
Step 1.10.7
Rewrite as .
Step 1.10.8
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 2
Step 2.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.2
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 2.3
Differentiate.
Step 2.3.1
Multiply the exponents in .
Step 2.3.1.1
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 2.3.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.2
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.3.3
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.3.4
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.3.5
Multiply by .
Step 2.3.6
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.3.7
Simplify the expression.
Step 2.3.7.1
Add and .
Step 2.3.7.2
Move to the left of .
Step 2.4
Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that is where and .
Step 2.4.1
To apply the Chain Rule, set as .
Step 2.4.2
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.4.3
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2.5
Differentiate.
Step 2.5.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.5.2
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.5.3
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.5.4
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 2.5.5
Multiply by .
Step 2.5.6
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 2.5.7
Combine fractions.
Step 2.5.7.1
Add and .
Step 2.5.7.2
Simplify the expression.
Step 2.5.7.2.1
Move to the left of .
Step 2.5.7.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.5.7.3
Combine and .
Step 2.5.7.4
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 2.6
Simplify.
Step 2.6.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.6.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.6.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.6.4
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.6.4.1
Simplify each term.
Step 2.6.4.1.1
Rewrite as .
Step 2.6.4.1.2
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 2.6.4.1.2.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.6.4.1.2.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.6.4.1.2.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.6.4.1.3
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 2.6.4.1.3.1
Simplify each term.
Step 2.6.4.1.3.1.1
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 2.6.4.1.3.1.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.6.4.1.3.1.2.1
Move .
Step 2.6.4.1.3.1.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.6.4.1.3.1.2.3
Add and .
Step 2.6.4.1.3.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.3.1.4
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.3.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.3.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.3.2
Add and .
Step 2.6.4.1.4
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.6.4.1.5
Simplify.
Step 2.6.4.1.5.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.5.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.6
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.6.4.1.7
Simplify.
Step 2.6.4.1.7.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.6.4.1.7.1.1
Move .
Step 2.6.4.1.7.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.7.1.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 2.6.4.1.7.1.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.6.4.1.7.1.3
Add and .
Step 2.6.4.1.7.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.6.4.1.7.2.1
Move .
Step 2.6.4.1.7.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.7.2.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 2.6.4.1.7.2.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.6.4.1.7.2.3
Add and .
Step 2.6.4.1.8
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.6.4.1.9
Simplify.
Step 2.6.4.1.9.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.9.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.9.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.10
Simplify each term.
Step 2.6.4.1.10.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.10.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.11
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.6.4.1.11.1
Move .
Step 2.6.4.1.11.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.11.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 2.6.4.1.11.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.6.4.1.11.3
Add and .
Step 2.6.4.1.12
Expand using the FOIL Method.
Step 2.6.4.1.12.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.6.4.1.12.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.6.4.1.12.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.6.4.1.13
Simplify and combine like terms.
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1
Simplify each term.
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1.1
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1.2
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1.2.1
Move .
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1.2.3
Add and .
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1.4
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1.5
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1.5.1
Move .
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1.5.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1.5.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1.5.3
Add and .
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1.7
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.13.1.8
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.13.2
Add and .
Step 2.6.4.1.13.3
Add and .
Step 2.6.4.1.14
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.6.4.1.15
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.1.16
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.4.2
Subtract from .
Step 2.6.4.3
Add and .
Step 2.6.5
Simplify the numerator.
Step 2.6.5.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.6.5.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.6.5.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 2.6.5.1.3
Factor out of .
Step 2.6.5.1.4
Factor out of .
Step 2.6.5.1.5
Factor out of .
Step 2.6.5.2
Rewrite as .
Step 2.6.5.3
Let . Substitute for all occurrences of .
Step 2.6.5.4
Factor by grouping.
Step 2.6.5.4.1
For a polynomial of the form , rewrite the middle term as a sum of two terms whose product is and whose sum is .
Step 2.6.5.4.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.6.5.4.1.2
Rewrite as plus
Step 2.6.5.4.1.3
Apply the distributive property.
Step 2.6.5.4.2
Factor out the greatest common factor from each group.
Step 2.6.5.4.2.1
Group the first two terms and the last two terms.
Step 2.6.5.4.2.2
Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) from each group.
Step 2.6.5.4.3
Factor the polynomial by factoring out the greatest common factor, .
Step 2.6.5.5
Replace all occurrences of with .
Step 2.6.6
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 2.6.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.6.6.2
Rewrite as .
Step 2.6.6.3
Factor out of .
Step 2.6.6.4
Rewrite as .
Step 2.6.6.5
Factor out of .
Step 2.6.6.6
Cancel the common factors.
Step 2.6.6.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 2.6.6.6.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 2.6.6.6.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 2.6.7
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.8
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 2.6.9
Multiply .
Step 2.6.9.1
Multiply by .
Step 2.6.9.2
Multiply by .
Step 3
To find the local maximum and minimum values of the function, set the derivative equal to and solve.
Step 4
Step 4.1
Find the first derivative.
Step 4.1.1
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.2
Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that is where and .
Step 4.1.3
Differentiate.
Step 4.1.3.1
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.3.3
By the Sum Rule, the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.3.4
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.3.5
Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that is where .
Step 4.1.3.6
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.3.7
Since is constant with respect to , the derivative of with respect to is .
Step 4.1.3.8
Simplify the expression.
Step 4.1.3.8.1
Add and .
Step 4.1.3.8.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.5
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.1.6
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 4.1.7
Add and .
Step 4.1.8
Subtract from .
Step 4.1.9
Combine and .
Step 4.1.10
Simplify.
Step 4.1.10.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 4.1.10.2
Simplify each term.
Step 4.1.10.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.10.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 4.1.10.3
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.10.3.1
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.10.3.2
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.10.3.3
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.10.4
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.10.5
Rewrite as .
Step 4.1.10.6
Factor out of .
Step 4.1.10.7
Rewrite as .
Step 4.1.10.8
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 4.2
The first derivative of with respect to is .
Step 5
Step 5.1
Set the first derivative equal to .
Step 5.2
Set the numerator equal to zero.
Step 5.3
Solve the equation for .
Step 5.3.1
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 5.3.1.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 5.3.1.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 5.3.1.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 5.3.1.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.3.1.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 5.3.1.3
Simplify the right side.
Step 5.3.1.3.1
Divide by .
Step 5.3.2
Add to both sides of the equation.
Step 5.3.3
Divide each term in by and simplify.
Step 5.3.3.1
Divide each term in by .
Step 5.3.3.2
Simplify the left side.
Step 5.3.3.2.1
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 5.3.3.2.1.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.3.3.2.1.2
Divide by .
Step 5.3.4
Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.
Step 5.3.5
Simplify .
Step 5.3.5.1
Rewrite as .
Step 5.3.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 5.3.5.3
Combine and simplify the denominator.
Step 5.3.5.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 5.3.5.3.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 5.3.5.3.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 5.3.5.3.4
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 5.3.5.3.5
Add and .
Step 5.3.5.3.6
Rewrite as .
Step 5.3.5.3.6.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 5.3.5.3.6.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 5.3.5.3.6.3
Combine and .
Step 5.3.5.3.6.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 5.3.5.3.6.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 5.3.5.3.6.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 5.3.5.3.6.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 5.3.5.4
Simplify the numerator.
Step 5.3.5.4.1
Combine using the product rule for radicals.
Step 5.3.5.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 5.3.6
The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.
Step 5.3.6.1
First, use the positive value of the to find the first solution.
Step 5.3.6.2
Next, use the negative value of the to find the second solution.
Step 5.3.6.3
The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.
Step 6
Step 6.1
The domain of the expression is all real numbers except where the expression is undefined. In this case, there is no real number that makes the expression undefined.
Step 7
Critical points to evaluate.
Step 8
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 9
Step 9.1
Combine and .
Step 9.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 9.2.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 9.2.2
Rewrite as .
Step 9.2.2.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 9.2.2.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 9.2.2.3
Combine and .
Step 9.2.2.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 9.2.2.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.2.2.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 9.2.2.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 9.2.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 9.2.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 9.2.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 9.2.4.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.2.4.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 9.2.5
Divide by .
Step 9.2.6
Add and .
Step 9.2.7
Raise to the power of .
Step 9.3
Simplify the numerator.
Step 9.3.1
Reduce the expression by cancelling the common factors.
Step 9.3.1.1
Reduce the expression by cancelling the common factors.
Step 9.3.1.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 9.3.1.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 9.3.1.1.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.3.1.1.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 9.3.1.2
Divide by .
Step 9.3.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 9.3.3
Rewrite as .
Step 9.3.3.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 9.3.3.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 9.3.3.3
Combine and .
Step 9.3.3.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 9.3.3.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.3.3.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 9.3.3.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 9.3.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 9.3.5
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 9.3.5.1
Factor out of .
Step 9.3.5.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.3.5.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 9.3.6
Divide by .
Step 9.3.7
Subtract from .
Step 9.3.8
Multiply by .
Step 9.4
Reduce the expression by cancelling the common factors.
Step 9.4.1
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 9.4.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 9.4.1.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 9.4.1.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 9.4.1.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 9.4.1.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 9.4.2
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 10
is a local maximum because the value of the second derivative is negative. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local maximum
Step 11
Step 11.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 11.2
Simplify the result.
Step 11.2.1
Combine and .
Step 11.2.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 11.2.2.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 11.2.2.2
Rewrite as .
Step 11.2.2.2.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 11.2.2.2.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 11.2.2.2.3
Combine and .
Step 11.2.2.2.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 11.2.2.2.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 11.2.2.2.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 11.2.2.2.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 11.2.2.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 11.2.2.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 11.2.2.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 11.2.2.4.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 11.2.2.4.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 11.2.2.5
Divide by .
Step 11.2.2.6
Add and .
Step 11.2.3
Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.
Step 11.2.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 11.2.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 11.2.4.2
Factor out of .
Step 11.2.4.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 11.2.4.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 11.2.5
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.6
Multiply by .
Step 11.2.7
The final answer is .
Step 12
Evaluate the second derivative at . If the second derivative is positive, then this is a local minimum. If it is negative, then this is a local maximum.
Step 13
Step 13.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 13.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 13.1.2
Combine and .
Step 13.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 13.2.1
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 13.2.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 13.2.1.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 13.2.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 13.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 13.2.4
Rewrite as .
Step 13.2.4.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 13.2.4.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 13.2.4.3
Combine and .
Step 13.2.4.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 13.2.4.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 13.2.4.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 13.2.4.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 13.2.5
Raise to the power of .
Step 13.2.6
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 13.2.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 13.2.6.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 13.2.6.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 13.2.7
Divide by .
Step 13.2.8
Add and .
Step 13.2.9
Raise to the power of .
Step 13.3
Simplify the numerator.
Step 13.3.1
Reduce the expression by cancelling the common factors.
Step 13.3.1.1
Reduce the expression by cancelling the common factors.
Step 13.3.1.1.1
Factor out of .
Step 13.3.1.1.2
Factor out of .
Step 13.3.1.1.3
Cancel the common factor.
Step 13.3.1.1.4
Rewrite the expression.
Step 13.3.1.2
Divide by .
Step 13.3.2
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 13.3.2.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 13.3.2.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 13.3.3
Raise to the power of .
Step 13.3.4
Multiply by .
Step 13.3.5
Rewrite as .
Step 13.3.5.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 13.3.5.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 13.3.5.3
Combine and .
Step 13.3.5.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 13.3.5.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 13.3.5.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 13.3.5.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 13.3.6
Raise to the power of .
Step 13.3.7
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 13.3.7.1
Factor out of .
Step 13.3.7.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 13.3.7.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 13.3.8
Divide by .
Step 13.3.9
Subtract from .
Step 13.3.10
Multiply by .
Step 13.4
Cancel the common factor of and .
Step 13.4.1
Factor out of .
Step 13.4.2
Cancel the common factors.
Step 13.4.2.1
Factor out of .
Step 13.4.2.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 13.4.2.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 14
is a local minimum because the value of the second derivative is positive. This is referred to as the second derivative test.
is a local minimum
Step 15
Step 15.1
Replace the variable with in the expression.
Step 15.2
Simplify the result.
Step 15.2.1
Simplify the numerator.
Step 15.2.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 15.2.1.2
Combine and .
Step 15.2.2
Simplify the denominator.
Step 15.2.2.1
Use the power rule to distribute the exponent.
Step 15.2.2.1.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 15.2.2.1.2
Apply the product rule to .
Step 15.2.2.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 15.2.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 15.2.2.4
Rewrite as .
Step 15.2.2.4.1
Use to rewrite as .
Step 15.2.2.4.2
Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, .
Step 15.2.2.4.3
Combine and .
Step 15.2.2.4.4
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 15.2.2.4.4.1
Cancel the common factor.
Step 15.2.2.4.4.2
Rewrite the expression.
Step 15.2.2.4.5
Evaluate the exponent.
Step 15.2.2.5
Raise to the power of .
Step 15.2.2.6
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 15.2.2.6.1
Factor out of .
Step 15.2.2.6.2
Cancel the common factor.
Step 15.2.2.6.3
Rewrite the expression.
Step 15.2.2.7
Divide by .
Step 15.2.2.8
Add and .
Step 15.2.3
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 15.2.4
Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.
Step 15.2.5
Cancel the common factor of .
Step 15.2.5.1
Move the leading negative in into the numerator.
Step 15.2.5.2
Factor out of .
Step 15.2.5.3
Factor out of .
Step 15.2.5.4
Cancel the common factor.
Step 15.2.5.5
Rewrite the expression.
Step 15.2.6
Multiply by .
Step 15.2.7
Simplify the expression.
Step 15.2.7.1
Multiply by .
Step 15.2.7.2
Move the negative in front of the fraction.
Step 15.2.8
The final answer is .
Step 16
These are the local extrema for .
is a local maxima
is a local minima
Step 17