Calculus Examples

$\sin^{5} (x)$

Step 1

Write $\sin^{5} (x)$ as a function.

$f (x) = \sin^{5} (x)$

Step 2

The function $F (x)$ can be found by finding the indefinite integral of the derivative $f (x)$ .

$F (x) = \int f (x) d x$

Step 3

Set up the integral to solve.

$F (x) = \int \sin^{5} (x) d x$

Step 4

Factor out $\sin^{4} (x)$ .

$\int \sin^{4} (x) \sin (x) d x$

Step 5

Simplify with factoring out.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\int {\sin (x)}^{2 (2)} \sin (x) d x$

Step 5.2

Rewrite ${\sin (x)}^{2 (2)}$ as exponentiation.

$\int {(\sin^{2} (x))}^{2} \sin (x) d x$

Step 6

Using the Pythagorean Identity, rewrite $\sin^{2} (x)$ as $1 - \cos^{2} (x)$ .

$\int {(1 - \cos^{2} (x))}^{2} \sin (x) d x$

Step 7

Let $u = \cos (x)$ . Then $d u = - \sin (x) d x$ , so $- \frac{1}{\sin (x)} d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.1

Let $u = \cos (x)$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.1.1

Differentiate $\cos (x)$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)]$

Step 7.1.2

The derivative of $\cos (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \sin (x)$ .

$- \sin (x)$

Step 7.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$\int - {(1 - u^{2})}^{2} d u$

Step 8

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$- \int {(1 - u^{2})}^{2} d u$

Step 9

Expand ${(1 - u^{2})}^{2}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 9.1

Rewrite ${(1 - u^{2})}^{2}$ as $(1 - u^{2}) (1 - u^{2})$ .

$- \int (1 - u^{2}) (1 - u^{2}) d u$

Step 9.2

Apply the distributive property.

$- \int 1 (1 - u^{2}) - u^{2} (1 - u^{2}) d u$

Step 9.3

Apply the distributive property.

$- \int 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- u^{2}) - u^{2} (1 - u^{2}) d u$

Step 9.4

Apply the distributive property.

$- \int 1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- u^{2}) - u^{2} \cdot 1 - u^{2} (- u^{2}) d u$

Step 9.5

Move $u^{2}$ .

$- \int 1 \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot - 1 u^{2} - 1 \cdot 1 u^{2} - u^{2} (- u^{2}) d u$

Step 9.6

Move $u^{2}$ .

$- \int 1 \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot - 1 u^{2} - 1 \cdot 1 u^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 u^{2} u^{2} d u$

Step 9.7

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$- \int 1 + 1 \cdot - 1 u^{2} - 1 \cdot 1 u^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 u^{2} u^{2} d u$

Step 9.8

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$- \int 1 - u^{2} - 1 \cdot 1 u^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 u^{2} u^{2} d u$

Step 9.9

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$- \int 1 - u^{2} - u^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 u^{2} u^{2} d u$

Step 9.10

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- \int 1 - u^{2} - u^{2} + 1 u^{2} u^{2} d u$

Step 9.11

Multiply $u^{2}$ by $1$ .

$- \int 1 - u^{2} - u^{2} + u^{2} u^{2} d u$

Step 9.12

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \int 1 - u^{2} - u^{2} + u^{2 + 2} d u$

Step 9.13

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$- \int 1 - u^{2} - u^{2} + u^{4} d u$

Step 9.14

Subtract $u^{2}$ from $- u^{2}$ .

$- \int 1 - 2 u^{2} + u^{4} d u$

Step 9.15

Reorder $- 2 u^{2}$ and $u^{4}$ .

$- \int 1 + u^{4} - 2 u^{2} d u$

Step 9.16

Move $1$ .

$- \int u^{4} - 2 u^{2} + 1 d u$

Step 10

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$- (\int u^{4} d u + \int - 2 u^{2} d u + \int d u)$

Step 11

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{4}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{1}{5} u^{5}$ .

$- (\frac{1}{5} u^{5} + C + \int - 2 u^{2} d u + \int d u)$

Step 12

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $- 2$ out of the integral.

$- (\frac{1}{5} u^{5} + C - 2 \int u^{2} d u + \int d u)$

Step 13

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{2}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{1}{3} u^{3}$ .

$- (\frac{1}{5} u^{5} + C - 2 (\frac{1}{3} u^{3} + C) + \int d u)$

Step 14

Apply the constant rule.

$- (\frac{1}{5} u^{5} + C - 2 (\frac{1}{3} u^{3} + C) + u + C)$

Step 15

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 15.1

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 15.1.1

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and $u^{3}$ .

$- (\frac{1}{5} u^{5} + C - 2 (\frac{u^{3}}{3} + C) + u + C)$

Step 15.1.2

Combine $\frac{1}{5}$ and $u^{5}$ .

$- (\frac{u^{5}}{5} + C - 2 (\frac{u^{3}}{3} + C) + u + C)$

Step 15.2

Simplify.

$- (\frac{u^{5}}{5} - \frac{2 u^{3}}{3} + u) + C$

Step 16

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $\cos (x)$ .

$- (\frac{\cos^{5} (x)}{5} - \frac{2 \cos^{3} (x)}{3} + \cos (x)) + C$

Step 17

Reorder terms.

$- (\frac{1}{5} \cos^{5} (x) - \frac{2}{3} \cos^{3} (x) + \cos (x)) + C$

Step 18

The answer is the antiderivative of the function $f (x) = \sin^{5} (x)$ .

$F (x) =$ $- (\frac{1}{5} \cos^{5} (x) - \frac{2}{3} \cos^{3} (x) + \cos (x)) + C$