Calculus Examples

$f (x) = 3 x^{- 4} - 2 x^{- 3} + x^{- 2} + 4$

Step 1

The function $F (x)$ can be found by finding the indefinite integral of the derivative $f (x)$ .

$F (x) = \int f (x) d x$

Step 2

Set up the integral to solve.

$F (x) = \int 3 x^{- 4} - 2 x^{- 3} + x^{- 2} + 4 d x$

Step 3

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int 3 x^{- 4} d x + \int - 2 x^{- 3} d x + \int x^{- 2} d x + \int 4 d x$

Step 4

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $3$ out of the integral.

$3 \int x^{- 4} d x + \int - 2 x^{- 3} d x + \int x^{- 2} d x + \int 4 d x$

Step 5

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{- 4}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{1}{3} x^{- 3}$ .

$3 (- \frac{1}{3} x^{- 3} + C) + \int - 2 x^{- 3} d x + \int x^{- 2} d x + \int 4 d x$

Step 6

Simplify.

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Step 6.1

Combine $x^{- 3}$ and $\frac{1}{3}$ .

$3 (- \frac{x^{- 3}}{3} + C) + \int - 2 x^{- 3} d x + \int x^{- 2} d x + \int 4 d x$

Step 6.2

Move $x^{- 3}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$3 (- \frac{1}{3 x^{3}} + C) + \int - 2 x^{- 3} d x + \int x^{- 2} d x + \int 4 d x$

Step 7

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 2$ out of the integral.

$3 (- \frac{1}{3 x^{3}} + C) - 2 \int x^{- 3} d x + \int x^{- 2} d x + \int 4 d x$

Step 8

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{- 3}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{1}{2} x^{- 2}$ .

$3 (- \frac{1}{3 x^{3}} + C) - 2 (- \frac{1}{2} x^{- 2} + C) + \int x^{- 2} d x + \int 4 d x$

Step 9

Simplify.

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Step 9.1

Combine $x^{- 2}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$3 (- \frac{1}{3 x^{3}} + C) - 2 (- \frac{x^{- 2}}{2} + C) + \int x^{- 2} d x + \int 4 d x$

Step 9.2

Move $x^{- 2}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$3 (- \frac{1}{3 x^{3}} + C) - 2 (- \frac{1}{2 x^{2}} + C) + \int x^{- 2} d x + \int 4 d x$

Step 10

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{- 2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- x^{- 1}$ .

$3 (- \frac{1}{3 x^{3}} + C) - 2 (- \frac{1}{2 x^{2}} + C) - x^{- 1} + C + \int 4 d x$

Step 11

Apply the constant rule.

$3 (- \frac{1}{3 x^{3}} + C) - 2 (- \frac{1}{2 x^{2}} + C) - x^{- 1} + C + 4 x + C$

Step 12

Simplify.

$- \frac{1}{x^{3}} + \frac{1}{x^{2}} - \frac{1}{x} + 4 x + C$

Step 13

The answer is the antiderivative of the function $f (x) = 3 x^{- 4} - 2 x^{- 3} + x^{- 2} + 4$ .

$F (x) =$ $- \frac{1}{x^{3}} + \frac{1}{x^{2}} - \frac{1}{x} + 4 x + C$