Calculus Examples

$\cos (\sqrt{8 t + 11})$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{8 t + 11}$ as ${(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d t} [\cos ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}})]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d t} [f (g (t))]$ is $f' (g (t)) g' (t)$ where $f (t) = \cos (t)$ and $g (t) = {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as ${(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\cos (u_{1})] \frac{d}{d t} [{(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2.2

The derivative of $\cos (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $- \sin (u_{1})$ .

$- \sin (u_{1}) \frac{d}{d t} [{(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with ${(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d t} [{(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d t} [f (g (t))]$ is $f' (g (t)) g' (t)$ where $f (t) = t^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (t) = 8 t + 11$ .

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Step 3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $8 t + 11$ .

$- \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d t} [8 t + 11])$

Step 3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$- \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} {u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d t} [8 t + 11])$

Step 3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $8 t + 11$ .

$- \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d t} [8 t + 11])$

Step 4

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [8 t + 11])$

Step 5

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [8 t + 11])$

Step 6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [8 t + 11])$

Step 7

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 7.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$- \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [8 t + 11])$

Step 7.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$- \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [8 t + 11])$

Step 8

Combine fractions.

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Step 8.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} {(8 t + 11)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d t} [8 t + 11])$

Step 8.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(8 t + 11)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{{(8 t + 11)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d t} [8 t + 11])$

Step 8.3

Move ${(8 t + 11)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$- \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2 {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d t} [8 t + 11])$

Step 8.4

Combine $\frac{1}{2 {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $\sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}})$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d t} [8 t + 11]$

Step 9

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $8 t + 11$ with respect to $t$ is $\frac{d}{d t} [8 t] + \frac{d}{d t} [11]$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d t} [8 t] + \frac{d}{d t} [11])$

Step 10

Since $8$ is constant with respect to $t$ , the derivative of $8 t$ with respect to $t$ is $8 \frac{d}{d t} [t]$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (8 \frac{d}{d t} [t] + \frac{d}{d t} [11])$

Step 11

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d t} [t^{n}]$ is $n t^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (8 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d t} [11])$

Step 12

Multiply $8$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (8 + \frac{d}{d t} [11])$

Step 13

Since $11$ is constant with respect to $t$ , the derivative of $11$ with respect to $t$ is $0$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (8 + 0)$

Step 14

Simplify terms.

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Step 14.1

Add $8$ and $0$ .

$- \frac{\sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot 8$

Step 14.2

Multiply $8$ by $- 1$ .

$- 8 \frac{\sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 14.3

Combine $- 8$ and $\frac{\sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{- 8 \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 14.4

Factor $2$ out of $- 8 \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}})$ .

$\frac{2 (- 4 \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{2 {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 15.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 (- 4 \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{2 ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}$

Step 15.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 (- 4 \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}))}{2 {(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 15.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- 4 \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 16

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{4 \sin ({(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(8 t + 11)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$