Calculus Examples

$\frac{x^{2} - 8 x + 12}{x^{2} - 5 x + 6}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = x^{2} - 8 x + 12$ and $g (x) = x^{2} - 5 x + 6$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 8 x + 12] - (x^{2} - 8 x + 12) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 5 x + 6]}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 2

Differentiate.

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Step 2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 8 x + 12$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 8 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [12]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 8 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [12]) - (x^{2} - 8 x + 12) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 5 x + 6]}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 8 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [12]) - (x^{2} - 8 x + 12) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 5 x + 6]}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 2.3

Since $- 8$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 8 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 8 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) (2 x - 8 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [12]) - (x^{2} - 8 x + 12) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 5 x + 6]}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 2.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) (2 x - 8 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [12]) - (x^{2} - 8 x + 12) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 5 x + 6]}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 2.5

Multiply $- 8$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) (2 x - 8 + \frac{d}{d x} [12]) - (x^{2} - 8 x + 12) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 5 x + 6]}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 2.6

Since $12$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $12$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) (2 x - 8 + 0) - (x^{2} - 8 x + 12) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 5 x + 6]}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7

Add $2 x - 8$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) (2 x - 8) - (x^{2} - 8 x + 12) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 5 x + 6]}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 2.8

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 5 x + 6$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 5 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [6]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) (2 x - 8) - (x^{2} - 8 x + 12) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 5 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [6])}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 2.9

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) (2 x - 8) - (x^{2} - 8 x + 12) (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 5 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [6])}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 2.10

Since $- 5$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 5 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 5 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) (2 x - 8) - (x^{2} - 8 x + 12) (2 x - 5 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [6])}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 2.11

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) (2 x - 8) - (x^{2} - 8 x + 12) (2 x - 5 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [6])}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 2.12

Multiply $- 5$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) (2 x - 8) - (x^{2} - 8 x + 12) (2 x - 5 + \frac{d}{d x} [6])}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 2.13

Since $6$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $6$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) (2 x - 8) - (x^{2} - 8 x + 12) (2 x - 5 + 0)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 2.14

Add $2 x - 5$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) (2 x - 8) - (x^{2} - 8 x + 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3

Simplify.

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Step 3.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) (2 x - 8) + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 3.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.2.1.1

Expand $(x^{2} - 5 x + 6) (2 x - 8)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$\frac{x^{2} (2 x) + x^{2} \cdot - 8 - 5 x (2 x) - 5 x \cdot - 8 + 6 (2 x) + 6 \cdot - 8 + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.2.1.2.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{2 x^{2} x + x^{2} \cdot - 8 - 5 x (2 x) - 5 x \cdot - 8 + 6 (2 x) + 6 \cdot - 8 + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.2.2.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 (x \cdot x^{2}) + x^{2} \cdot - 8 - 5 x (2 x) - 5 x \cdot - 8 + 6 (2 x) + 6 \cdot - 8 + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.2.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 3.2.1.2.2.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{1} x^{2}) + x^{2} \cdot - 8 - 5 x (2 x) - 5 x \cdot - 8 + 6 (2 x) + 6 \cdot - 8 + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.2.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 x^{1 + 2} + x^{2} \cdot - 8 - 5 x (2 x) - 5 x \cdot - 8 + 6 (2 x) + 6 \cdot - 8 + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.2.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + x^{2} \cdot - 8 - 5 x (2 x) - 5 x \cdot - 8 + 6 (2 x) + 6 \cdot - 8 + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.3

Move $- 8$ to the left of $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 8 \cdot x^{2} - 5 x (2 x) - 5 x \cdot - 8 + 6 (2 x) + 6 \cdot - 8 + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 5 \cdot 2 x \cdot x - 5 x \cdot - 8 + 6 (2 x) + 6 \cdot - 8 + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.5

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.2.5.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 5 \cdot 2 (x \cdot x) - 5 x \cdot - 8 + 6 (2 x) + 6 \cdot - 8 + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.5.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 5 \cdot 2 x^{2} - 5 x \cdot - 8 + 6 (2 x) + 6 \cdot - 8 + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.6

Multiply $- 5$ by $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 10 x^{2} - 5 x \cdot - 8 + 6 (2 x) + 6 \cdot - 8 + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.7

Multiply $- 8$ by $- 5$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 10 x^{2} + 40 x + 6 (2 x) + 6 \cdot - 8 + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.8

Multiply $2$ by $6$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 10 x^{2} + 40 x + 12 x + 6 \cdot - 8 + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.9

Multiply $6$ by $- 8$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 8 x^{2} - 10 x^{2} + 40 x + 12 x - 48 + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.3

Subtract $10 x^{2}$ from $- 8 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 40 x + 12 x - 48 + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.4

Add $40 x$ and $12 x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 + (- x^{2} - (- 8 x) - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.2.1.5.1

Multiply $- 8$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 + (- x^{2} + 8 x - 1 \cdot 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.5.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $12$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 + (- x^{2} + 8 x - 12) (2 x - 5)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.6

Expand $(- x^{2} + 8 x - 12) (2 x - 5)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - x^{2} (2 x) - x^{2} \cdot - 5 + 8 x (2 x) + 8 x \cdot - 5 - 12 (2 x) - 12 \cdot - 5}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.2.1.7.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 1 \cdot 2 x^{2} x - x^{2} \cdot - 5 + 8 x (2 x) + 8 x \cdot - 5 - 12 (2 x) - 12 \cdot - 5}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.7.2.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 1 \cdot 2 (x \cdot x^{2}) - x^{2} \cdot - 5 + 8 x (2 x) + 8 x \cdot - 5 - 12 (2 x) - 12 \cdot - 5}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.2.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 3.2.1.7.2.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 1 \cdot 2 (x^{1} x^{2}) - x^{2} \cdot - 5 + 8 x (2 x) + 8 x \cdot - 5 - 12 (2 x) - 12 \cdot - 5}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.2.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 1 \cdot 2 x^{1 + 2} - x^{2} \cdot - 5 + 8 x (2 x) + 8 x \cdot - 5 - 12 (2 x) - 12 \cdot - 5}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.2.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 1 \cdot 2 x^{3} - x^{2} \cdot - 5 + 8 x (2 x) + 8 x \cdot - 5 - 12 (2 x) - 12 \cdot - 5}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 2 x^{3} - x^{2} \cdot - 5 + 8 x (2 x) + 8 x \cdot - 5 - 12 (2 x) - 12 \cdot - 5}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.4

Multiply $- 5$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 2 x^{3} + 5 x^{2} + 8 x (2 x) + 8 x \cdot - 5 - 12 (2 x) - 12 \cdot - 5}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.5

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 2 x^{3} + 5 x^{2} + 8 \cdot 2 x \cdot x + 8 x \cdot - 5 - 12 (2 x) - 12 \cdot - 5}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.6

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.7.6.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 2 x^{3} + 5 x^{2} + 8 \cdot 2 (x \cdot x) + 8 x \cdot - 5 - 12 (2 x) - 12 \cdot - 5}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.6.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 2 x^{3} + 5 x^{2} + 8 \cdot 2 x^{2} + 8 x \cdot - 5 - 12 (2 x) - 12 \cdot - 5}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.7

Multiply $8$ by $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 2 x^{3} + 5 x^{2} + 16 x^{2} + 8 x \cdot - 5 - 12 (2 x) - 12 \cdot - 5}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.8

Multiply $- 5$ by $8$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 2 x^{3} + 5 x^{2} + 16 x^{2} - 40 x - 12 (2 x) - 12 \cdot - 5}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.9

Multiply $2$ by $- 12$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 2 x^{3} + 5 x^{2} + 16 x^{2} - 40 x - 24 x - 12 \cdot - 5}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.10

Multiply $- 12$ by $- 5$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 2 x^{3} + 5 x^{2} + 16 x^{2} - 40 x - 24 x + 60}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.8

Add $5 x^{2}$ and $16 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 2 x^{3} + 21 x^{2} - 40 x - 24 x + 60}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.9

Subtract $24 x$ from $- 40 x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 2 x^{3} + 21 x^{2} - 64 x + 60}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.2

Combine the opposite terms in $2 x^{3} - 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 2 x^{3} + 21 x^{2} - 64 x + 60$ .

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Step 3.2.2.1

Subtract $2 x^{3}$ from $2 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{- 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 + 0 + 21 x^{2} - 64 x + 60}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.2.2

Add $- 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48$ and $0$ .

$\frac{- 18 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 + 21 x^{2} - 64 x + 60}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.3

Add $- 18 x^{2}$ and $21 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{3 x^{2} + 52 x - 48 - 64 x + 60}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.4

Subtract $64 x$ from $52 x$ .

$\frac{3 x^{2} - 12 x - 48 + 60}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.5

Add $- 48$ and $60$ .

$\frac{3 x^{2} - 12 x + 12}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 3.3.1

Factor $3$ out of $3 x^{2} - 12 x + 12$ .

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Step 3.3.1.1

Factor $3$ out of $3 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{3 (x^{2}) - 12 x + 12}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.2

Factor $3$ out of $- 12 x$ .

$\frac{3 (x^{2}) + 3 (- 4 x) + 12}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.3

Factor $3$ out of $12$ .

$\frac{3 x^{2} + 3 (- 4 x) + 3 \cdot 4}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.4

Factor $3$ out of $3 x^{2} + 3 (- 4 x)$ .

$\frac{3 (x^{2} - 4 x) + 3 \cdot 4}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.5

Factor $3$ out of $3 (x^{2} - 4 x) + 3 \cdot 4$ .

$\frac{3 (x^{2} - 4 x + 4)}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.2

Factor using the perfect square rule.

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Step 3.3.2.1

Rewrite $4$ as $2^{2}$ .

$\frac{3 (x^{2} - 4 x + 2^{2})}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.2.2

Check that the middle term is two times the product of the numbers being squared in the first term and third term.

$4 x = 2 \cdot x \cdot 2$

Step 3.3.2.3

Rewrite the polynomial.

$\frac{3 (x^{2} - 2 \cdot x \cdot 2 + 2^{2})}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.2.4

Factor using the perfect square trinomial rule $a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} = {(a - b)}^{2}$ , where $a = x$ and $b = 2$ .

$\frac{3 {(x - 2)}^{2}}{{(x^{2} - 5 x + 6)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 3.4.1

Factor $x^{2} - 5 x + 6$ using the AC method.

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Step 3.4.1.1

Consider the form $x^{2} + b x + c$ . Find a pair of integers whose product is $c$ and whose sum is $b$ . In this case, whose product is $6$ and whose sum is $- 5$ .

$- 3, - 2$

Step 3.4.1.2

Write the factored form using these integers.

$\frac{3 {(x - 2)}^{2}}{{((x - 3) (x - 2))}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.2

Apply the product rule to $(x - 3) (x - 2)$ .

$\frac{3 {(x - 2)}^{2}}{{(x - 3)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 3.5

Cancel the common factor of ${(x - 2)}^{2}$ .

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Step 3.5.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{3 {(x - 2)}^{2}}{{(x - 3)}^{2} {(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 3.5.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{3}{{(x - 3)}^{2}}$