Calculus Examples

$\frac{x^{2} + 2 x + 1}{x^{2} - 2 x + 1}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = x^{2} + 2 x + 1$ and $g (x) = x^{2} - 2 x + 1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 2 x + 1] - (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 1]}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2

Differentiate.

Tap for more steps...

Step 2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} + 2 x + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) - (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 1]}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) - (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 1]}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.3

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) - (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 1]}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + 2 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) - (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 1]}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.5

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + 2 + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) - (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 1]}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.6

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + 2 + 0) - (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 1]}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.7

Add $2 x + 2$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + 2) - (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} - 2 x + 1]}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.8

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} - 2 x + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + 2) - (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.9

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + 2) - (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.10

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + 2) - (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (2 x - 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.11

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + 2) - (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (2 x - 2 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.12

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + 2) - (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (2 x - 2 + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.13

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + 2) - (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (2 x - 2 + 0)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.14

Add $2 x - 2$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + 2) - (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + 2) + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2

Simplify the numerator.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.1.1

Expand $(x^{2} - 2 x + 1) (2 x + 2)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$\frac{x^{2} (2 x) + x^{2} \cdot 2 - 2 x (2 x) - 2 x \cdot 2 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 2 + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.1.2.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{2 x^{2} x + x^{2} \cdot 2 - 2 x (2 x) - 2 x \cdot 2 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 2 + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.1.2.2.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 (x \cdot x^{2}) + x^{2} \cdot 2 - 2 x (2 x) - 2 x \cdot 2 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 2 + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.2.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.1.2.2.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{1} x^{2}) + x^{2} \cdot 2 - 2 x (2 x) - 2 x \cdot 2 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 2 + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.2.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 x^{1 + 2} + x^{2} \cdot 2 - 2 x (2 x) - 2 x \cdot 2 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 2 + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.2.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + x^{2} \cdot 2 - 2 x (2 x) - 2 x \cdot 2 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 2 + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.3

Move $2$ to the left of $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 \cdot x^{2} - 2 x (2 x) - 2 x \cdot 2 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 2 + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 \cdot 2 x \cdot x - 2 x \cdot 2 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 2 + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.5

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.1.2.5.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 \cdot 2 (x \cdot x) - 2 x \cdot 2 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 2 + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.5.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 \cdot 2 x^{2} - 2 x \cdot 2 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 2 + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.6

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 4 x^{2} - 2 x \cdot 2 + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 2 + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.7

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 4 x^{2} - 4 x + 1 (2 x) + 1 \cdot 2 + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.8

Multiply $2 x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 4 x^{2} - 4 x + 2 x + 1 \cdot 2 + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.2.9

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 4 x^{2} - 4 x + 2 x + 2 + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.3

Subtract $4 x^{2}$ from $2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 4 x + 2 x + 2 + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.4

Add $- 4 x$ and $2 x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 + (- x^{2} - (2 x) - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.5

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.1.5.1

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 + (- x^{2} - 2 x - 1 \cdot 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.5.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 + (- x^{2} - 2 x - 1) (2 x - 2)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.6

Expand $(- x^{2} - 2 x - 1) (2 x - 2)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - x^{2} (2 x) - x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 2 x (2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 - 1 (2 x) - 1 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.1.7.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 1 \cdot 2 x^{2} x - x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 2 x (2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 - 1 (2 x) - 1 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.1.7.2.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 1 \cdot 2 (x \cdot x^{2}) - x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 2 x (2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 - 1 (2 x) - 1 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.2.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.1.7.2.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 1 \cdot 2 (x^{1} x^{2}) - x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 2 x (2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 - 1 (2 x) - 1 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.2.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 1 \cdot 2 x^{1 + 2} - x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 2 x (2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 - 1 (2 x) - 1 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.2.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 1 \cdot 2 x^{3} - x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 2 x (2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 - 1 (2 x) - 1 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 2 x^{3} - x^{2} \cdot - 2 - 2 x (2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 - 1 (2 x) - 1 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.4

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 x (2 x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 - 1 (2 x) - 1 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.5

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 \cdot 2 x \cdot x - 2 x \cdot - 2 - 1 (2 x) - 1 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.6

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.1.7.6.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 \cdot 2 (x \cdot x) - 2 x \cdot - 2 - 1 (2 x) - 1 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.6.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 2 \cdot 2 x^{2} - 2 x \cdot - 2 - 1 (2 x) - 1 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.7

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 4 x^{2} - 2 x \cdot - 2 - 1 (2 x) - 1 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.8

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 4 x^{2} + 4 x - 1 (2 x) - 1 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.9

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 4 x^{2} + 4 x - 2 x - 1 \cdot - 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.7.10

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} - 4 x^{2} + 4 x - 2 x + 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.8

Subtract $4 x^{2}$ from $2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 4 x - 2 x + 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.1.9

Subtract $2 x$ from $4 x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 2 x + 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.2

Combine the opposite terms in $2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} + 2 x + 2$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.2.1

Subtract $2 x^{3}$ from $2 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 + 0 - 2 x^{2} + 2 x + 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.2.2

Add $- 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2$ and $0$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{2} - 2 x + 2 - 2 x^{2} + 2 x + 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.2.3

Add $- 2 x$ and $2 x$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{2} + 2 - 2 x^{2} + 0 + 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.2.4

Add $- 2 x^{2} + 2 - 2 x^{2}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{2} + 2 - 2 x^{2} + 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.3

Subtract $2 x^{2}$ from $- 2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{- 4 x^{2} + 2 + 2}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2.4

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$\frac{- 4 x^{2} + 4}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3

Simplify the numerator.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.1

Factor $4$ out of $- 4 x^{2} + 4$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.1.1

Factor $4$ out of $- 4 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{4 (- x^{2}) + 4}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.2

Factor $4$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{4 (- x^{2}) + 4 (1)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.1.3

Factor $4$ out of $4 (- x^{2}) + 4 (1)$ .

$\frac{4 (- x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.2

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{4 (- x^{2} + 1^{2})}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.3

Reorder $- x^{2}$ and $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{4 (1^{2} - x^{2})}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.4

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = 1$ and $b = x$ .

$\frac{4 (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4

Simplify the denominator.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.4.1

Factor using the perfect square rule.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.4.1.1

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{4 (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(x^{2} - 2 x + 1^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.2

Check that the middle term is two times the product of the numbers being squared in the first term and third term.

$2 x = 2 \cdot x \cdot 1$

Step 3.4.1.3

Rewrite the polynomial.

$\frac{4 (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(x^{2} - 2 \cdot x \cdot 1 + 1^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.1.4

Factor using the perfect square trinomial rule $a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} = {(a - b)}^{2}$ , where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

$\frac{4 (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{({(x - 1)}^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 3.4.2

Multiply the exponents in ${({(x - 1)}^{2})}^{2}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.4.2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{4 (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(x - 1)}^{2 \cdot 2}}$

Step 3.4.2.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{4 (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(x - 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.4.3

Use the Binomial Theorem.

$\frac{4 (1 + x) (1 - x)}{x^{4} + 4 x^{3} \cdot - 1 + 6 x^{2} {(- 1)}^{2} + 4 x {(- 1)}^{3} + {(- 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.4.4

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.4.4.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $4$ .

$\frac{4 (1 + x) (1 - x)}{x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} {(- 1)}^{2} + 4 x {(- 1)}^{3} + {(- 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.4.4.2

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $2$ .

$\frac{4 (1 + x) (1 - x)}{x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 4 x {(- 1)}^{3} + {(- 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.4.4.3

Multiply $6$ by $1$ .

$\frac{4 (1 + x) (1 - x)}{x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} + 4 x {(- 1)}^{3} + {(- 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.4.4.4

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $3$ .

$\frac{4 (1 + x) (1 - x)}{x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} + 4 x \cdot - 1 + {(- 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.4.4.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $4$ .

$\frac{4 (1 + x) (1 - x)}{x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 4 x + {(- 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3.4.4.6

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $4$ .

$\frac{4 (1 + x) (1 - x)}{x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 4 x + 1}$

Step 3.4.5

Factor $x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 4 x + 1$ using the binomial theorem.

$\frac{4 (1 + x) (1 - x)}{{(1 - x)}^{4}}$

Step 3.5

Cancel the common factor of $1 - x$ and ${(1 - x)}^{4}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.5.1

Factor $1 - x$ out of $4 (1 + x) (1 - x)$ .

$\frac{(1 - x) (4 (1 + x))}{{(1 - x)}^{4}}$

Step 3.5.2

Cancel the common factors.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.5.2.1

Factor $1 - x$ out of ${(1 - x)}^{4}$ .

$\frac{(1 - x) (4 (1 + x))}{(1 - x) {(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 3.5.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{(1 - x) (4 (1 + x))}{(1 - x) {(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 3.5.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{4 (1 + x)}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$