Calculus Examples

$\frac{\sin (2 x)}{1 + \cos^{2} (x)}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = \sin (2 x)$ and $g (x) = 1 + \cos^{2} (x)$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos^{2} (x)) \frac{d}{d x} [\sin (2 x)] - \sin (2 x) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos^{2} (x)]}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \sin (x)$ and $g (x) = 2 x$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $2 x$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos^{2} (x)) (\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\sin (u_{1})] \frac{d}{d x} [2 x]) - \sin (2 x) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos^{2} (x)]}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 2.2

The derivative of $\sin (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos^{2} (x)) (\cos (u_{1}) \frac{d}{d x} [2 x]) - \sin (2 x) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos^{2} (x)]}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $2 x$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos^{2} (x)) (\cos (2 x) \frac{d}{d x} [2 x]) - \sin (2 x) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos^{2} (x)]}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3

Differentiate.

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Step 3.1

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos^{2} (x)) \cos (2 x) (2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]) - \sin (2 x) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos^{2} (x)]}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos^{2} (x)) \cos (2 x) (2 \cdot 1) - \sin (2 x) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos^{2} (x)]}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3.3

Simplify the expression.

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Step 3.3.1

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + \cos^{2} (x)) \cos (2 x) \cdot 2 - \sin (2 x) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos^{2} (x)]}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3.3.2

Move $2$ to the left of $(1 + \cos^{2} (x)) \cos (2 x)$ .

$\frac{2 \cdot ((1 + \cos^{2} (x)) \cos (2 x)) - \sin (2 x) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + \cos^{2} (x)]}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3.4

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 + \cos^{2} (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos^{2} (x)]$ .

$\frac{2 (1 + \cos^{2} (x)) \cos (2 x) - \sin (2 x) (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos^{2} (x)])}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3.5

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{2 (1 + \cos^{2} (x)) \cos (2 x) - \sin (2 x) (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos^{2} (x)])}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 3.6

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [\cos^{2} (x)]$ .

$\frac{2 (1 + \cos^{2} (x)) \cos (2 x) - \sin (2 x) \frac{d}{d x} [\cos^{2} (x)]}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 4

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{2}$ and $g (x) = \cos (x)$ .

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Step 4.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $\cos (x)$ .

$\frac{2 (1 + \cos^{2} (x)) \cos (2 x) - \sin (2 x) (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{2}] \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)])}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 4.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{2 (1 + \cos^{2} (x)) \cos (2 x) - \sin (2 x) (2 u_{2} \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)])}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 4.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $\cos (x)$ .

$\frac{2 (1 + \cos^{2} (x)) \cos (2 x) - \sin (2 x) (2 \cos (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)])}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 5

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{2 (1 + \cos^{2} (x)) \cos (2 x) - 2 \sin (2 x) (\cos (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)])}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 6

The derivative of $\cos (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{2 (1 + \cos^{2} (x)) \cos (2 x) - 2 \sin (2 x) \cos (x) (- \sin (x))}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 7

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{2 (1 + \cos^{2} (x)) \cos (2 x) + 2 \sin (2 x) \cos (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 8

Simplify.

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Step 8.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(2 \cdot 1 + 2 \cos^{2} (x)) \cos (2 x) + 2 \sin (2 x) \cos (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 8.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 \cdot 1 \cos (2 x) + 2 \cos^{2} (x) \cos (2 x) + 2 \sin (2 x) \cos (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 8.3

Simplify each term.

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Step 8.3.1

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (2 x) + 2 \cos^{2} (x) \cos (2 x) + 2 \sin (2 x) \cos (x) \sin (x)}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 8.3.2

Add parentheses.

$\frac{2 \cos (2 x) + 2 \cos^{2} (x) \cos (2 x) + 2 \sin (2 x) (\cos (x) \sin (x))}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 8.3.3

Reorder $2 \sin (2 x)$ and $\cos (x) \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (2 x) + 2 \cos^{2} (x) \cos (2 x) + \cos (x) \sin (x) (2 \sin (2 x))}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 8.3.4

Add parentheses.

$\frac{2 \cos (2 x) + 2 \cos^{2} (x) \cos (2 x) + \cos (x) (\sin (x) \cdot 2) \sin (2 x)}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 8.3.5

Reorder $\cos (x)$ and $\sin (x) \cdot 2$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (2 x) + 2 \cos^{2} (x) \cos (2 x) + \sin (x) \cdot 2 \cos (x) \sin (2 x)}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 8.3.6

Reorder $\sin (x)$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (2 x) + 2 \cos^{2} (x) \cos (2 x) + 2 \cdot \sin (x) \cos (x) \sin (2 x)}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 8.3.7

Apply the sine double-angle identity.

$\frac{2 \cos (2 x) + 2 \cos^{2} (x) \cos (2 x) + \sin (2 x) \sin (2 x)}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 8.3.8

Multiply $\sin (2 x) \sin (2 x)$ .

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Step 8.3.8.1

Raise $\sin (2 x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (2 x) + 2 \cos^{2} (x) \cos (2 x) + \sin^{1} (2 x) \sin (2 x)}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 8.3.8.2

Raise $\sin (2 x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (2 x) + 2 \cos^{2} (x) \cos (2 x) + \sin^{1} (2 x) \sin^{1} (2 x)}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 8.3.8.3

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 \cos (2 x) + 2 \cos^{2} (x) \cos (2 x) + {\sin (2 x)}^{1 + 1}}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 8.3.8.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{2 \cos (2 x) + 2 \cos^{2} (x) \cos (2 x) + \sin^{2} (2 x)}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$

Step 8.4

Reorder terms.

$\frac{2 \cos^{2} (x) \cos (2 x) + 2 \cos (2 x) + \sin^{2} (2 x)}{{(1 + \cos^{2} (x))}^{2}}$