Calculus Examples

$f (s) = \frac{\sqrt{s} - 1}{\sqrt{s} + 1}$

Step 1

Apply basic rules of exponents.

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Step 1.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{s}$ as $s^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d s} [\frac{s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1}{\sqrt{s} + 1}]$

Step 1.2

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{s}$ as $s^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d s} [\frac{s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1}{s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d s} [\frac{f (s)}{g (s)}]$ is $\frac{g (s) \frac{d}{d s} [f (s)] - f (s) \frac{d}{d s} [g (s)]}{{g (s)}^{2}}$ where $f (s) = s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1$ and $g (s) = s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1] - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1]}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3

Differentiate.

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Step 3.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1$ with respect to $s$ is $\frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}}] + \frac{d}{d s} [- 1]$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (\frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}}] + \frac{d}{d s} [- 1]) - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1]}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d s} [s^{n}]$ is $n s^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (\frac{1}{2} s^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} + \frac{d}{d s} [- 1]) - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1]}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (\frac{1}{2} s^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} + \frac{d}{d s} [- 1]) - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1]}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 5

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (\frac{1}{2} s^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} + \frac{d}{d s} [- 1]) - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1]}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (\frac{1}{2} s^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} + \frac{d}{d s} [- 1]) - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1]}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 7

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 7.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (\frac{1}{2} s^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} + \frac{d}{d s} [- 1]) - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1]}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 7.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (\frac{1}{2} s^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + \frac{d}{d s} [- 1]) - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1]}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 8

Combine fractions.

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Step 8.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (\frac{1}{2} s^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{d}{d s} [- 1]) - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1]}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 8.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $s^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (\frac{s^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} + \frac{d}{d s} [- 1]) - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1]}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 8.3

Move $s^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (\frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{d}{d s} [- 1]) - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1]}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 9

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $s$ , the derivative of $- 1$ with respect to $s$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (\frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 0) - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1]}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 10

Add $\frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1]}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 11

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1$ with respect to $s$ is $\frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}}] + \frac{d}{d s} [1]$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) (\frac{d}{d s} [s^{\frac{1}{2}}] + \frac{d}{d s} [1])}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 12

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d s} [s^{n}]$ is $n s^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) (\frac{1}{2} s^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} + \frac{d}{d s} [1])}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 13

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) (\frac{1}{2} s^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} + \frac{d}{d s} [1])}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 14

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) (\frac{1}{2} s^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} + \frac{d}{d s} [1])}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 15

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) (\frac{1}{2} s^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} + \frac{d}{d s} [1])}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 16

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 16.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) (\frac{1}{2} s^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} + \frac{d}{d s} [1])}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 16.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) (\frac{1}{2} s^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + \frac{d}{d s} [1])}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 17

Combine fractions.

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Step 17.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) (\frac{1}{2} s^{- \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{d}{d s} [1])}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 17.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $s^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) (\frac{s^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} + \frac{d}{d s} [1])}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 17.3

Move $s^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) (\frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{d}{d s} [1])}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 18

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $s$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $s$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) (\frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 0)}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 19

Add $\frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 20

Simplify.

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Step 20.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{s^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 1 \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - (s^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1) \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 20.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{s^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 1 \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} + (- s^{\frac{1}{2}} - - 1) \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 20.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{s^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 1 \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - s^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - - 1 \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 20.4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 20.4.1

Combine the opposite terms in $s^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 1 \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - s^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - - 1 \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

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Step 20.4.1.1

Subtract $s^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ from $s^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1 \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 0 - - 1 \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 20.4.1.2

Add $1 \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1 \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - - 1 \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 20.4.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 20.4.2.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} - - 1 \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 20.4.2.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{\frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 1 \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 20.4.2.3

Multiply $\frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 20.4.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{\frac{1 + 1}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 20.4.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{2}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 20.4.5

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{\frac{2}{2 s^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 20.4.6

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{\frac{1}{s^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 20.5

Combine terms.

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Step 20.5.1

Rewrite $\frac{\frac{1}{s^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$ as a product.

$\frac{1}{s^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$

Step 20.5.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{s^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{1}{{(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{s^{\frac{1}{2}} {(s^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{2}}$