Calculus Examples

$y = \frac{a}{2} \cdot (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}})$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = \frac{a}{2}$ and $g (x) = e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}$ .

$\frac{a}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}] + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [e^{\frac{x}{a}}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- e^{\frac{- x}{a}}]$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (\frac{d}{d x} [e^{\frac{x}{a}}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- e^{\frac{- x}{a}}]) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 3

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [e^{\frac{x}{a}}]$ .

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Step 3.1

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = e^{x}$ and $g (x) = \frac{x}{a}$ .

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Step 3.1.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $\frac{x}{a}$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [e^{u_{1}}] \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x}{a}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- e^{\frac{- x}{a}}]) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 3.1.2

Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [a^{u_{1}}]$ is $a^{u_{1}} \ln (a)$ where $a$ = $e$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (e^{u_{1}} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x}{a}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- e^{\frac{- x}{a}}]) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 3.1.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $\frac{x}{a}$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (e^{\frac{x}{a}} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x}{a}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- e^{\frac{- x}{a}}]) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 3.2

Since $\frac{1}{a}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $\frac{x}{a}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{a} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (e^{\frac{x}{a}} (\frac{1}{a} \frac{d}{d x} [x]) + \frac{d}{d x} [- e^{\frac{- x}{a}}]) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 3.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (e^{\frac{x}{a}} (\frac{1}{a} \cdot 1) + \frac{d}{d x} [- e^{\frac{- x}{a}}]) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 3.4

Multiply $\frac{1}{a}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (e^{\frac{x}{a}} \frac{1}{a} + \frac{d}{d x} [- e^{\frac{- x}{a}}]) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 3.5

Combine $e^{\frac{x}{a}}$ and $\frac{1}{a}$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{a} + \frac{d}{d x} [- e^{\frac{- x}{a}}]) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 4

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [- e^{\frac{- x}{a}}]$ .

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Step 4.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{a}{2} (\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{a} + \frac{d}{d x} [- e^{- \frac{x}{a}}]) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 4.2

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- e^{- \frac{x}{a}}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [e^{- \frac{x}{a}}]$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{a} - \frac{d}{d x} [e^{- \frac{x}{a}}]) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 4.3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = e^{x}$ and $g (x) = - \frac{x}{a}$ .

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Step 4.3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $- \frac{x}{a}$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{a} - (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [e^{u_{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{x}{a}])) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 4.3.2

Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [a^{u_{2}}]$ is $a^{u_{2}} \ln (a)$ where $a$ = $e$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{a} - (e^{u_{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{x}{a}])) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 4.3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $- \frac{x}{a}$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{a} - (e^{- \frac{x}{a}} \frac{d}{d x} [- \frac{x}{a}])) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 4.4

Since $- \frac{1}{a}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- \frac{x}{a}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{1}{a} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{a} - (e^{- \frac{x}{a}} (- \frac{1}{a} \frac{d}{d x} [x]))) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 4.5

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{a} - (e^{- \frac{x}{a}} (- \frac{1}{a} \cdot 1))) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 4.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{a} - (e^{- \frac{x}{a}} (- \frac{1}{a}))) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 4.7

Combine $e^{- \frac{x}{a}}$ and $\frac{1}{a}$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{a} - - \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{a}) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 4.8

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{a} + 1 \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{a}) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 4.9

Multiply $\frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{a}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{a} + \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{a}) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{a}{2}]$

Step 5

Since $\frac{a}{2}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $\frac{a}{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{a}{2} (\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{a} + \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{a}) + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \cdot 0$

Step 6

Simplify.

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Step 6.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{a}{2} \cdot \frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{a} + \frac{a}{2} \cdot \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{a} + (e^{\frac{x}{a}} - e^{\frac{- x}{a}}) \cdot 0$

Step 6.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{a}{2} \cdot \frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{a} + \frac{a}{2} \cdot \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{a} + e^{\frac{x}{a}} \cdot 0 - e^{\frac{- x}{a}} \cdot 0$

Step 6.3

Combine terms.

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Step 6.3.1

Multiply $\frac{a}{2}$ by $\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{a}$ .

$\frac{a e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{2 a} + \frac{a}{2} \cdot \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{a} + e^{\frac{x}{a}} \cdot 0 - e^{\frac{- x}{a}} \cdot 0$

Step 6.3.2

Cancel the common factor of $a$ .

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Step 6.3.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{a e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{2 a} + \frac{a}{2} \cdot \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{a} + e^{\frac{x}{a}} \cdot 0 - e^{\frac{- x}{a}} \cdot 0$

Step 6.3.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{2} + \frac{a}{2} \cdot \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{a} + e^{\frac{x}{a}} \cdot 0 - e^{\frac{- x}{a}} \cdot 0$

Step 6.3.3

Multiply $\frac{a}{2}$ by $\frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{a}$ .

$\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{2} + \frac{a e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{2 a} + e^{\frac{x}{a}} \cdot 0 - e^{\frac{- x}{a}} \cdot 0$

Step 6.3.4

Cancel the common factor of $a$ .

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Step 6.3.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{2} + \frac{a e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{2 a} + e^{\frac{x}{a}} \cdot 0 - e^{\frac{- x}{a}} \cdot 0$

Step 6.3.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{2} + \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{2} + e^{\frac{x}{a}} \cdot 0 - e^{\frac{- x}{a}} \cdot 0$

Step 6.3.5

Multiply $e^{\frac{x}{a}}$ by $0$ .

$\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{2} + \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{2} + 0 - e^{\frac{- x}{a}} \cdot 0$

Step 6.3.6

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{2} + \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{2} + 0 - e^{- \frac{x}{a}} \cdot 0$

Step 6.3.7

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{2} + \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{2} + 0 + 0 e^{- \frac{x}{a}}$

Step 6.3.8

Multiply $0$ by $e^{- \frac{x}{a}}$ .

$\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{2} + \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{2} + 0 + 0$

Step 6.3.9

Add $0$ and $0$ .

$\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{2} + \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{2} + 0$

Step 6.3.10

Add $\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{2} + \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{2}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{e^{\frac{x}{a}}}{2} + \frac{e^{- \frac{x}{a}}}{2}$