Calculus Examples

$v = \frac{1 + x - 4 \sqrt{x}}{x}$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x}$ as $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$v' = \frac{1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x}$

Step 2

Differentiate both sides of the equation.

$\frac{d}{d x} v' = \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x})$

Step 3

The derivative of $v'$ with respect to $x$ is $v''$ .

$v''$

Step 4

Differentiate the right side of the equation.

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Step 4.1

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = 1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = x$ .

$\frac{x \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}] - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.2

Differentiate.

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Step 4.2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}]$ .

$\frac{x (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}]) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.2.2

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{x (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}]) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.2.3

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{x (\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}]) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.2.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{x (1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}]) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.2.5

Since $- 4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $- 4 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}]$ .

$\frac{x (1 - 4 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}]) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.2.6

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{x (1 - 4 (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1})) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.3

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{x (1 - 4 (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}})) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.4

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{x (1 - 4 (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}})) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{x (1 - 4 (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}})) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.6

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.6.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{x (1 - 4 (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}})) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.6.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{x (1 - 4 (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{- 1}{2}})) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.7

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{x (1 - 4 (\frac{1}{2} x^{- \frac{1}{2}})) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.8

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{x (1 - 4 \frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2}) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.9

Combine $- 4$ and $\frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2}$ .

$\frac{x (1 + \frac{- 4 x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2}) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.10

Move $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{x (1 + \frac{- 4}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.11

Factor $2$ out of $- 4$ .

$\frac{x (1 + \frac{2 \cdot - 2}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.12

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 4.12.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{x (1 + \frac{2 \cdot - 2}{2 (x^{\frac{1}{2}})}) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.12.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{x (1 + \frac{2 \cdot - 2}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.12.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{x (1 + \frac{- 2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.13

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{x (1 - \frac{2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.14

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{x (1 - \frac{2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \cdot 1}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.15

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x (1 - \frac{2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16

Simplify.

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Step 4.16.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x \cdot 1 + x (- \frac{2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) - (1 + x - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x \cdot 1 + x (- \frac{2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) - 1 \cdot 1 - x - (- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.3

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.16.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.16.3.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x + x (- \frac{2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) - 1 \cdot 1 - x - (- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.3.1.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{x - x \frac{2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 1 \cdot 1 - x - (- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.3.1.3

Combine $\frac{2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{x - \frac{2 x}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 1 \cdot 1 - x - (- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.3.1.4

Move $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ to the numerator using the negative exponent rule $\frac{1}{b^{n}} = b^{- n}$ .

$\frac{x - (2 x \cdot x^{- \frac{1}{2}}) - 1 \cdot 1 - x - (- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.3.1.5

Multiply $x$ by $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.16.3.1.5.1

Move $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{x - (2 (x^{- \frac{1}{2}} x)) - 1 \cdot 1 - x - (- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.3.1.5.2

Multiply $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ by $x$ .

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Step 4.16.3.1.5.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x - (2 (x^{- \frac{1}{2}} x^{1})) - 1 \cdot 1 - x - (- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.3.1.5.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x - (2 x^{- \frac{1}{2} + 1}) - 1 \cdot 1 - x - (- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.3.1.5.3

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$\frac{x - (2 x^{- \frac{1}{2} + \frac{2}{2}}) - 1 \cdot 1 - x - (- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.3.1.5.4

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{x - (2 x^{\frac{- 1 + 2}{2}}) - 1 \cdot 1 - x - (- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.3.1.5.5

Add $- 1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{x - (2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) - 1 \cdot 1 - x - (- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.3.1.6

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x - 2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1 \cdot 1 - x - (- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.3.1.7

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x - 2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1 - x - (- 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.3.1.8

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x - 2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1 - x + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.3.2

Combine the opposite terms in $x - 2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1 - x + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 4.16.3.2.1

Subtract $x$ from $x$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1 + 0 + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.3.2.2

Add $- 2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1$ and $0$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1 + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2}}$

Step 4.16.3.3

Add $- 2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1}{x^{2}}$

Step 5

Reform the equation by setting the left side equal to the right side.

$v'' = \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1}{x^{2}}$

Step 6

Replace $v'$ with $\frac{d v}{d x}$ .

$\frac{d v}{d x} = \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1}{x^{2}}$