Calculus Examples

$\sqrt{\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4}}$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4}}$ as ${(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d s} [{(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d s} [f (g (s))]$ is $f' (g (s)) g' (s)$ where $f (s) = s^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (s) = \frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4}$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u} [u^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d s} [\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4}]$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} u^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d s} [\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4}]$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d s} [\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4}]$

Step 3

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d s} [\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4}]$

Step 4

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d s} [\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4}]$

Step 5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d s} [\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4}]$

Step 6

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 6.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d s} [\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4}]$

Step 6.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d s} [\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4}]$

Step 7

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d s} [\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4}]$

Step 8

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d s} [\frac{f (s)}{g (s)}]$ is $\frac{g (s) \frac{d}{d s} [f (s)] - f (s) \frac{d}{d s} [g (s)]}{{g (s)}^{2}}$ where $f (s) = s^{2} + 1$ and $g (s) = s^{2} + 4$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(s^{2} + 4) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{2} + 1] - (s^{2} + 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{2} + 4]}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}}$

Step 9

Differentiate.

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Step 9.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $s^{2} + 1$ with respect to $s$ is $\frac{d}{d s} [s^{2}] + \frac{d}{d s} [1]$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(s^{2} + 4) (\frac{d}{d s} [s^{2}] + \frac{d}{d s} [1]) - (s^{2} + 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{2} + 4]}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}}$

Step 9.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d s} [s^{n}]$ is $n s^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(s^{2} + 4) (2 s + \frac{d}{d s} [1]) - (s^{2} + 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{2} + 4]}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}}$

Step 9.3

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $s$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $s$ is $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(s^{2} + 4) (2 s + 0) - (s^{2} + 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{2} + 4]}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}}$

Step 9.4

Simplify the expression.

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Step 9.4.1

Add $2 s$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{(s^{2} + 4) (2 s) - (s^{2} + 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{2} + 4]}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}}$

Step 9.4.2

Move $2$ to the left of $s^{2} + 4$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 \cdot (s^{2} + 4) s - (s^{2} + 1) \frac{d}{d s} [s^{2} + 4]}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}}$

Step 9.5

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $s^{2} + 4$ with respect to $s$ is $\frac{d}{d s} [s^{2}] + \frac{d}{d s} [4]$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (s^{2} + 4) s - (s^{2} + 1) (\frac{d}{d s} [s^{2}] + \frac{d}{d s} [4])}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}}$

Step 9.6

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d s} [s^{n}]$ is $n s^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (s^{2} + 4) s - (s^{2} + 1) (2 s + \frac{d}{d s} [4])}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}}$

Step 9.7

Since $4$ is constant with respect to $s$ , the derivative of $4$ with respect to $s$ is $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (s^{2} + 4) s - (s^{2} + 1) (2 s + 0)}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}}$

Step 9.8

Combine fractions.

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Step 9.8.1

Add $2 s$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (s^{2} + 4) s - (s^{2} + 1) (2 s)}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}}$

Step 9.8.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{2 (s^{2} + 4) s - 2 (s^{2} + 1) s}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}}$

Step 9.8.3

Multiply $\frac{2 (s^{2} + 4) s - 2 (s^{2} + 1) s}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (s^{2} + 4) s - 2 (s^{2} + 1) s}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2} \cdot 2} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$

Step 9.8.4

Move $2$ to the left of ${(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (s^{2} + 4) s - 2 (s^{2} + 1) s}{2 \cdot {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} {(\frac{s^{2} + 1}{s^{2} + 4})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$

Step 10

Simplify.

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Step 10.1

Change the sign of the exponent by rewriting the base as its reciprocal.

$\frac{2 (s^{2} + 4) s - 2 (s^{2} + 1) s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} {(\frac{s^{2} + 4}{s^{2} + 1})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 10.2

Apply the product rule to $\frac{s^{2} + 4}{s^{2} + 1}$ .

$\frac{2 (s^{2} + 4) s - 2 (s^{2} + 1) s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(2 s^{2} + 2 \cdot 4) s - 2 (s^{2} + 1) s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 s^{2} s + 2 \cdot 4 s - 2 (s^{2} + 1) s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.5

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 s^{2} s + 2 \cdot 4 s + (- 2 s^{2} - 2 \cdot 1) s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.6

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 s^{2} s + 2 \cdot 4 s - 2 s^{2} s - 2 \cdot 1 s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7

Combine terms.

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Step 10.7.1

Raise $s$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 (s^{1} s^{2}) + 2 \cdot 4 s - 2 s^{2} s - 2 \cdot 1 s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 s^{1 + 2} + 2 \cdot 4 s - 2 s^{2} s - 2 \cdot 1 s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 s^{3} + 2 \cdot 4 s - 2 s^{2} s - 2 \cdot 1 s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.4

Multiply $2$ by $4$ .

$\frac{2 s^{3} + 8 s - 2 s^{2} s - 2 \cdot 1 s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.5

Raise $s$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 s^{3} + 8 s - 2 (s^{1} s^{2}) - 2 \cdot 1 s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.6

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 s^{3} + 8 s - 2 s^{1 + 2} - 2 \cdot 1 s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.7

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 s^{3} + 8 s - 2 s^{3} - 2 \cdot 1 s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.8

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 s^{3} + 8 s - 2 s^{3} - 2 s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.9

Subtract $2 s^{3}$ from $2 s^{3}$ .

$\frac{8 s + 0 - 2 s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.10

Add $8 s$ and $0$ .

$\frac{8 s - 2 s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.11

Subtract $2 s$ from $8 s$ .

$\frac{6 s}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.12

Cancel the common factor of $6$ and $2$ .

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Step 10.7.12.1

Factor $2$ out of $6 s$ .

$\frac{2 (3 s)}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.12.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 10.7.12.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (3 s)}{2 ({(s^{2} + 4)}^{2})} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.12.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 (3 s)}{2 {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.12.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{3 s}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.13

Multiply $\frac{3 s}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}}$ by $\frac{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{3 s {(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2} {(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.14

Move ${(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{n} = \frac{1}{b^{- n}}$ .

$\frac{3 s}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{2} {(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(s^{2} + 4)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.15

Multiply ${(s^{2} + 4)}^{2}$ by ${(s^{2} + 4)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 10.7.15.1

Move ${(s^{2} + 4)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{3 s}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} {(s^{2} + 4)}^{2} {(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.15.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{3 s}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{- \frac{1}{2} + 2} {(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.15.3

To write $2$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{3 s}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{- \frac{1}{2} + 2 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} {(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.15.4

Combine $2$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{3 s}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{- \frac{1}{2} + \frac{2 \cdot 2}{2}} {(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.15.5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{3 s}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{- 1 + 2 \cdot 2}{2}} {(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.15.6

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 10.7.15.6.1

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{3 s}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{- 1 + 4}{2}} {(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 10.7.15.6.2

Add $- 1$ and $4$ .

$\frac{3 s}{{(s^{2} + 4)}^{\frac{3}{2}} {(s^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$