Calculus Examples

$\frac{1}{1 - 2 x}$

Step 1

Let $u = 1 - 2 x$ . Then $d u = - 2 d x$ , so $- \frac{1}{2} d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 1.1

Let $u = 1 - 2 x$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 1.1.1

Differentiate $1 - 2 x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [1 - 2 x]$

Step 1.1.2

Differentiate.

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Step 1.1.2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - 2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x]$

Step 1.1.2.2

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$0 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x]$

Step 1.1.3

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x]$ .

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Step 1.1.3.1

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$0 - 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 1.1.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$0 - 2 \cdot 1$

Step 1.1.3.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$0 - 2$

Step 1.1.4

Subtract $2$ from $0$ .

$- 2$

Step 1.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$\int \frac{1}{u} \cdot \frac{1}{- 2} d u$

Step 2

Simplify.

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Step 2.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\int \frac{1}{u} (- \frac{1}{2}) d u$

Step 2.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{u}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int - \frac{1}{u \cdot 2} d u$

Step 2.3

Move $2$ to the left of $u$ .

$\int - \frac{1}{2 u} d u$

Step 3

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$- \int \frac{1}{2 u} d u$

Step 4

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$- (\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{u} d u)$

Step 5

The integral of $\frac{1}{u}$ with respect to $u$ is $\ln (| u |)$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} (\ln (| u |) + C)$

Step 6

Simplify.

$- \frac{1}{2} \ln (| u |) + C$

Step 7

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $1 - 2 x$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \ln (| 1 - 2 x |) + C$